Surface Stabilities of n-type GaN Dependent on Electrolyte under Photoelectrochemical Reactions

2014 ◽  
Vol 1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kayo Koike ◽  
Akihiro Nakamura ◽  
Masakazu Sugiyama ◽  
Yoshiaki Nakano ◽  
Katsushi Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Stability Problem ◽  
Surface Reactions ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Schottky Plot ◽  
Surface Morphologies

ABSTRACTThe n-type GaN has stability problem of the surface anodic corrosion during the photoelectrochemical reaction for H2 generation. The photoelectrochemical surface stabilities of n-type GaN dependent on the electrolytes were investigated. The flatband potential in HCl obtained from Mott-Schottky plot shifted 0.1 V to positive direction compared with that in H2SO4. The variation of saturated photocurrent of 1 to 3 cycles in H2SO4 was much larger than that of HCl, NaOH and KOH. The surface morphologies also changed by the electrolytes. These results show the absorbed materials on the GaN electrode surface during the photoelectrochemical reactions were changed by the electrolyte and affected the surface reactions.

Reaction of tetrahydrofuran with sodium—cesium alloy: a model for lithium electrode surface reactions

1990 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1061-1063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Bielefeld ◽  
Violet A. Cipolla ◽  
Clark T. Saunders ◽  
Jacqueline C. Solis ◽  
Lee Ann Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Surface Reactions ◽  
Lithium Electrode ◽  
Sodium Cesium

Voltammetric study of an FeS layer on a Hg electrode in supersaturated FeS chloride solution

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Krznarić ◽  
I. Ciglenečki
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Electrochemical Analysis ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Bulk Solution ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Chloro Complexes ◽  
Anoxic Waters ◽  
Surface Modified

Environmental context During the electrochemical analysis of natural waters, the Hg electrode could become the site for surface metal sulfide formation, such as FeS, which can have significant influence on the voltammetric determination of FeII. Reduction of FeII in such conditions can occur both on the bare Hg surface and on the FeS-modified Hg surface. Until recently, measurements of FeII have considered only the signal obtained from reduction on the bare Hg surface, and hence may have underdetermined the true FeII content of natural samples. Abstract Cyclic voltammetry at a Hg electrode was used for the study of an FeS layer formed on the electrode surface during scanning potential in a saturated FeS suspension containing FeS nanoparticles in chloride electrolyte. Newly presented results as a part of comprehensive study on FeS electrochemistry in model and natural samples confirm that the voltammetric peak at –1.1V, which can often be recorded in anoxic waters containing Fe and sulfide species, represents reduction of Fe2+ on the Hg electrode surface modified by the FeS layer. Fe0 deposited on such a modified Hg surface is reoxidisable, often producing two oxidation peaks situated between –0.8 and –0.6V (v. Ag/AgCl). These peaks represent two different Fe0 oxidation products, free Fe2+ and Fe2+ chloro complexes, FeCl+. By scanning the potential from –0.75V in the positive direction, an oxidation exchange peak of Hg and FeS at ~–0.45V occurs, which can be taken as a measure for FeS nanoparticles from bulk solution.

scholarly journals Various in situ SEM Techniques for Observing Electrode Surface Reactions in Ionic Liquid

Hyomen Kagaku ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 368-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi ARIMOTO ◽  
Hitoshi KAGEYAMA ◽  
Yuichi SATO ◽  
Satoshi MAKUTA ◽  
Tetsuya TSUDA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Surface Reactions

Defect morphology in thick relaxed layers of InGaAs on GaAs

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 668-669
Author(s):  
R H Dixon ◽  
P Kidd ◽  
P J Goodhew
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Double Crystal ◽  
Strained Layers ◽  
Good Surface ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Device Structures ◽  
Surface Morphologies

Thick relaxed InGaAs layers grown epitaxially on GaAs are potentially useful substrates for growing high indium percentage strained layers. It is important that these relaxed layers are defect free and have a good surface morphology for the subsequent growth of device structures.3μm relaxed layers of InxGa1-xAs were grown on semi - insulating GaAs substrates by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), where the indium composition ranged from x=0.1 to 1.0. The interface, bulk and surface of the layers have been examined in planar view and cross-section by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The surface morphologies have been characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the bulk lattice perfection of the layers assessed using Double Crystal X-ray Diffraction (DCXRD).The surface morphology has been found to correlate with the growth conditions, with the type of defects grown-in to the layer (e.g. stacking faults, microtwins), and with the nature and density of dislocations in the interface.

Electron Optical Study of Surface Morphologies of Crystals

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 376-377
Author(s):  
Sumio Iijima ◽  
Tung Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Optical Study ◽  
Regular Array ◽  
Surface Steps ◽  
Diffracted Waves ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Surface Morphologies

Suppose the thickness of a thin film of a crystal varies periodically like a regular array of surface steps, kinematical intensities of diffracted waves from this crystal are modulated by a shape transform,

Low Self-Control of Emotions as an Antecedent of Self-Reported Physical Symptoms: A Longitudinal Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja Kokkonen ◽  
Lea Pulkkinen ◽  
Taru Kinnunen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Eysenck Personality Questionnaire ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Low Self Control

The study was part of the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development, underway since 1968, in which children's low self-control of emotions was studied using teacher ratings at age 8 in terms of inattentiveness, shifting moods, aggression, and anxiety. The study was based on data from 112 women and 112 men who participated in the previous data collections at ages 8, 27, and 36. At age 27, the participants had been assessed in Neuroticism (N) using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire , and at age 36 they filled in several inventories measuring, among others, conscious and active attempts to repair negative emotions in a more positive direction as well as physical symptoms. The present study used structural equation modeling to test the hypothesis that personality characteristics indicating low self-control of emotions at ages 8 and 27 are antecedents of self-reported physical symptoms at age 36; and that this relationship is indirect, mediated by attempts to repair negative emotions in a more positive direction. The findings showed, albeit for men only, that inattentiveness at age 8 was positively related to self-reported physical symptoms at age 36 via high N at age 27 and low attempts to repair negative emotions at age 36. Additionally, N at age 27 was directly linked to self-reported physical symptoms at age 36. The mediation of an active attempt to repair negative emotions was not found for women. Correlations revealed, however, that shifting moods and aggression in girls were antecedents of self-reported physical symptoms in adulthood, particularly, pain and fatigue.

Kinetics of compact layer formation and growth of 1,10-phenanthroline at the electrode surface

1990 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
pp. 1597-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Benedetti ◽  
M Borsari ◽  
C Fontanesi ◽  
G Battistuzzi Gavioli
Keyword(s):  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Layer Formation ◽  
Compact Layer ◽  
Kinetics Of

PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL, MOTIVASI DAN KEPUASAN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PT. ADYA TOURS

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Ahmad Gunawan
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Leadership Motivation ◽  
Multiple Determination ◽  
Strongly Agree ◽  
Transformation Leadership ◽  
Statistic Approach

Transformation Leadership, Motivation and Satisfiction are the three factors of a few relatively large factors suspected to influence Performance on the PT. Adya Tours. These research aimed to determine the effect of Transformation Leadership, Motivation and Satisfiction toward Performance on the PT. Adya Tours.Research conducted at the PT. Adya Tours by taking 71 employees as the research sample, calculated using the Slovin formula of the total population of 240 employees  at  the  margin  of  error  of  10%.  Data  were collected by questionnaire instruments covered by the five rating scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Quantitative research was conducted by describing and analyzing research data. The multiple linier regression analysis and multiple determination coeficient are the statistic approach to data analysis.The study produced four major findings consistent with the hypothesis put forward, that are: 1) Transformation Leadership has a significant effect on Performance  in  a  positive  direction;  2)  Motivation  has  a  significant  effect  on Performance in a positive direction; 3) Satisfiction has a significant effect on Performance in a positive direction; 4) Transformation Leadership, Motivation and Satisfiction simultaneously influence 92.70% Performance variability.Base on the research finding, in order to increase Performance can be done by increasing Transformation Leadership, Motivation and Satisfiction. Kata kunci:Transformation Leadership, Motivation, Satisfaction, Performance

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