scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Materials Science: An Intersection of Three-Dimensional Reconstructions and Simulations

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsuyo Thornton ◽  
Henning Friis Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Experimental Techniques ◽  
Materials Processing ◽  
3D Simulations ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Introductory Article

AbstractThe recent development of experimental techniques that rapidly reconstruct the three-dimensional microstructures of solids has given rise to new possibilities for developing a deeper understanding of the evolution of microstructures and the effects of microstructures on materials properties. Combined with three-dimensional (3D) simulations and analyses that are capable of handling the complexity of these microstructures, 3D reconstruction, or tomography, has become a powerful tool that provides clear insights into materials processing and properties. This introductory article provides an overview of this emerging field of materials science, as well as brief descriptions of selected methods and their applicability.

Automation of Tilt Series Acquisition in Transmission Electron Microscopy for Applications in Biology and Materials Science

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 88-89
Author(s):  
Ingo Daberkow ◽  
Bernhard Feja ◽  
Peter Sparlinek ◽  
Hans R. Tietz
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Max Planck ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Tilt Series

During the last decade, computation of a three-dimensional image from a tilt series (3D reconstruction) has become a well established method, of which a variety of implementations are available. The term “electron tomography” is now generally used for this type of data acquisition and 3D reconstruction. An overview over the techniques involved is given in.With the introduction of micro-processor-controlled TEMs and cooled slow-scan CCD cameras and with the progress in performance of high-speed computers, automation of complex imaging procedures became mainly a task of developing appropriate software, using the control facilities of the microscope. in this way, automated electron tomography was realized in 1990 at the Max- Planck-Institute for Biochemistry in Martinsried, and at about the same time at the University of California in San Francisco (UCSF). New techniques for automatic focusing and alignment, developed somewhat earlier , have been integrated in these automated tomography procedures. in the following we discuss the requirements of automatic data acquisition and the present implementation for several TEMs.

Detection, Averaging, and 3D Reconstruction of Biological Specimens on Hypercubes (Transputer-based) Computers

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
Jose-Maria Carazo ◽  
I. Benavides ◽  
S. Marco ◽  
J.L. Carrascosa ◽  
E.L. Zapata
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
3D Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Software Tools ◽  
Mapping Method ◽  
Computer Architectures ◽  
Parallel Computer ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Obtaining the three-dimensional (3D) structure of negatively stained biological specimens at a resolution of, typically, 2 - 4 nm is becoming a relatively common practice in an increasing number of laboratories. A combination of new conceptual approaches, new software tools, and faster computers have made this situation possible. However, all these 3D reconstruction processes are quite computer intensive, and the middle term future is full of suggestions entailing an even greater need of computing power. Up to now all published 3D reconstructions in this field have been performed on conventional (sequential) computers, but it is a fact that new parallel computer architectures represent the potential of order-of-magnitude increases in computing power and should, therefore, be considered for their possible application in the most computing intensive tasks.We have studied both shared-memory-based computer architectures, like the BBN Butterfly, and local-memory-based architectures, mainly hypercubes implemented on transputers, where we have used the algorithmic mapping method proposed by Zapata el at. In this work we have developed the basic software tools needed to obtain a 3D reconstruction from non-crystalline specimens (“single particles”) using the so-called Random Conical Tilt Series Method. We start from a pair of images presenting the same field, first tilted (by ≃55°) and then untilted. It is then assumed that we can supply the system with the image of the particle we are looking for (ideally, a 2D average from a previous study) and with a matrix describing the geometrical relationships between the tilted and untilted fields (this step is now accomplished by interactively marking a few pairs of corresponding features in the two fields). From here on the 3D reconstruction process may be run automatically.

3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-113
Author(s):  
Zoltán Gillay ◽  
László Fenyvesi
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Area And Volume

There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Microscopic Image Based on Multi-ST Algorithm

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 20506-1-20506-7
Author(s):  
Min Zhu ◽  
Rongfu Zhang ◽  
Pei Ma ◽  
Xuedian Zhang ◽  
Qi Guo
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Microscopic Image ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Gaussian Pyramid ◽  
Cost Aggregation ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Image Pairs ◽  
Accurate Matching

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction is extensively used in microscopic applications. Reducing excessive error points and achieving accurate matching of weak texture regions have been the classical challenges for 3D microscopic vision. A Multi-ST algorithm was proposed to improve matching accuracy. The process is performed in two main stages: scaled microscopic images and regularized cost aggregation. First, microscopic image pairs with different scales were extracted according to the Gaussian pyramid criterion. Second, a novel cost aggregation approach based on the regularized multi-scale model was implemented into all scales to obtain the final cost. To evaluate the performances of the proposed Multi-ST algorithm and compare different algorithms, seven groups of images from the Middlebury dataset and four groups of experimental images obtained by a binocular microscopic system were analyzed. Disparity maps and reconstruction maps generated by the proposed approach contained more information and fewer outliers or artifacts. Furthermore, 3D reconstruction of the plug gauges using the Multi-ST algorithm showed that the error was less than 0.025 mm.

scholarly journals 3D Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage Sites as an Educational Approach. The Sanctuary of Delphi

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3635
Author(s):  
Ioannis Liritzis ◽  
Pantelis Volonakis ◽  
Spyros Vosinakis
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Computer Gaming ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
3D Environment ◽  
Almost All

In the field of cultural heritage, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of monuments is a usual activity for many professionals. The aim in this paper focuses on the new technology educational application combining science, history, and archaeology. Being involved in almost all stages of implementation steps and assessing the level of participation, university students use tools of computer gaming platform and participate in ways of planning the virtual environment which improves their education through e-Learning. The virtual 3D environment is made with different imaging methods (helium-filled balloon, Structure for motion, 3D repository models) and a developmental plan has been designed for use in many future applications. Digital tools were used with 3D reconstructed buildings from the museum archive to Unity 3D for the design. The pilot study of Information Technology work has been employed to introduce cultural heritage and archaeology to university syllabuses. It included students with a questionnaire which has been evaluated accordingly. As a result, the university students were inspired to immerse themselves into the virtual lab, aiming to increasing the level of interaction. The results show a satisfactory learning outcome by an easy to use and real 3D environment, a step forward to fill in needs of contemporary online sustainable learning demands.

scholarly journals Cloud Manufacturing, Internet of Things-Assisted Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technology: Reliable Tools for Sustainable Construction

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7327
Author(s):  
Rajesh Singh ◽  
Anita Gehlot ◽  
Shaik Vaseem Akram ◽  
Lovi Raj Gupta ◽  
Manoj Kumar Jena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cloud Manufacturing ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Access Technology

The United Nations (UN) 2030 agenda on sustainable development goals (SDGs) encourages us to implement sustainable infrastructure and services for confronting challenges such as large energy consumption, solid waste generation, depletion of water resources and emission of greenhouse gases in the construction industry. Therefore, to overcome challenges and establishing sustainable construction, there is a requirement to integrate information technology with innovative manufacturing processes and materials science. Moreover, the wide implementation of three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology in constructing monuments, artistic objects, and residential buildings has gained attention. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud manufacturing (CM), and 3DP allows us to digitalize the construction for providing reliable and digitalized features to the users. In this review article, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of implementing the IoT, CM, and 3D printing (3DP) technologies in building constructions for achieving sustainability. The recent convergence research of cloud development and 3D printing (3DP) are being explored in the article by categorizing them into multiple sections including 3D printing resource access technology, 3D printing cloud platform (3D–PCP) service architectures, 3D printing service optimized configuration technology, 3D printing service evaluation technology, and 3D service control and monitoring technology. This paper also examines and analyzes the limitations of existing research and, moreover, the article provides key recommendations such as automation with robotics, predictive analytics in 3DP, eco-friendly 3DP, and 5G technology-based IoT-based CM for future enhancements.

scholarly journals Three-dimensional analysis of the root canal preparation with Reciproc Blue®, WaveOne Gold® and XP EndoShaper®: a new method in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Caviedes-Bucheli ◽  
Nestor Rios-Osorio ◽  
Diana Usme ◽  
Cristian Jimenez ◽  
Adriana Pinzon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
New Method ◽  
Root Canal Preparation ◽  
Paired Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Student’S T

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in canal volume after root canal preparation in vivo with 3 different single-file techniques (Reciproc-Blue®, WaveOne-Gold® and XP-EndoShaper®), with a new method using CBCT and 3D reconstruction. Methods In this prospective study, thirty human lower premolars from healthy patients were used, in which extraction was indicated for orthodontic reasons. All the teeth used were caries- and restoration-free with complete root development, without signs of periodontal disease or traumatic occlusion, and with only one straight canal (up to 25º curvature). Teeth were randomly divided into three different groups: Reciproc-Blue, WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper. CBCT scans before root canal preparation were used to create a 3D reconstruction with RHINOCEROS 5.0 software to assess the initial canal volume, and then compared with 3D reconstructions after canal preparation to measure the increase in canal volume. Student’s t test for paired data were used to determine statistically significant differences between the before and after canal volumes. Anova test was used to determine statistically significant differences in the percentage of canal volume increase between the groups and Tukey's post-hoc test were used to paired comparison. Results Reciproc-Blue showed the higher increase in canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold and XP-EndoShaper (p = 0.003). XP-EndoShaper did not show a statistically significant increase in canal volume after root canal preparation (p = 0.06). Conclusion With this model, Reciproc-Blue showed higher increase in root canal volume, followed by WaveOne-Gold, while XP-EndoShaper did not significantly increase root canal volume during preparation.

scholarly journals Online Measurement of Deposit Surface in Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (18) ◽  
pp. 4001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhe Chang ◽  
Haoyu Zhang ◽  
Haiying Xu ◽  
Xinghua Sang ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Online Measurement ◽  
Three Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Position Information ◽  
Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction

In the process of electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF3), due to the continuous change of thermal conditions and variability in wire feeding in the deposition process, geometric deviations are generated in the deposition of each layer. In order to prevent the layer-by-layer accumulation of the deviation, it is necessary to perform online geometry measurement for each deposition layer, based on which the error compensation can be done for the previous deposition layer in the next deposition layer. However, the traditional three-dimensional reconstruction method that employs structured laser cannot meet the requirements of long-term stable operation in the manufacturing process of EBF3. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to measure the deposit surfaces based on the position information of electron beam speckle, in which an electron beam is used to bombard the surface of the deposit to generate the speckle. Based on the structured information of the electron beam in the vacuum chamber, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the surface of the deposited parts is realized without need of additional structured laser sensor. In order to improve the detection accuracy, the detection error is theoretically analyzed and compensated. The absolute error after compensation is smaller than 0.1 mm, and the precision can reach 0.1%, which satisfies the requirements of 3D reconstruction of the deposited parts. An online measurement system is built for the surface of deposited parts in the process of electron beam freeform fabrication, which realizes the online 3D reconstruction of the surface of the deposited layer. In addition, in order to improve the detection stability of the whole system, the image processing algorithm suitable for this scene is designed. The reliability and speed of the algorithm are improved by ROI extraction, threshold segmentation, and expansion corrosion. In addition, the speckle size information can also reflect the thermal conditions of the surface of the deposited parts. Hence, it can be used for online detection of defects such as infusion and voids.

Recent Developments In Monochromatic Microprobe X-Ray Fluorescence (MMXRF)

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
Z. W. Chen ◽  
D. B. Wittry
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Fluorescence Excitation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Microanalysis ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fifth Order

A monochromatic x-ray microprobe based on a laboratory source has recently been developed in our laboratory and used for fluorescence excitation. This technique provides high sensitivity (ppm to ppb), nondestructive, quantitative microanalysis with minimum sample preparation and does not require a high vacuum specimen chamber. It is expected that this technique (MMXRF) will have important applications in materials science, geological sciences and biological science.Three-dimensional focusing of x-rays can be obtained by using diffraction from doubly curved crystals. In our MMXRF setup, a small x-ray source was produced by the bombardment of a selected target with a focused electron beam and a toroidal mica diffractor with Johann pointfocusing geometry was used to focus characteristic x-rays from the source. In the previous work ∼ 108 photons/s were obtained in a Cu Kα probe of 75 μm × 43 μm in the specimen plane using the fifth order reflection of the (002) planes of mica.

scholarly journals 3D IMAGING OF INDIVIDUAL PARTICLES: A REVIEW

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Pirard
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Systems Analysis ◽  
3D Imaging ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Estimation ◽  
Individual Particles ◽  
Made In

In recent years, impressive progress has been made in digital imaging and in particular in three dimensional visualisation and analysis of objects. This paper reviews the most recent literature on three dimensional imaging with a special attention to particulate systems analysis. After an introduction recalling some important concepts in spatial sampling and digital imaging, the paper reviews a series of techniques with a clear distinction between the surfometric and volumetric principles. The literature review is as broad as possible covering materials science as well as biology while keeping an eye on emerging technologies in optics and physics. The paper should be of interest to any scientist trying to picture particles in 3D with the best possible resolution for accurate size and shape estimation. Though techniques are adequate for nanoscopic and microscopic particles, no special size limit has been considered while compiling the review.

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