scholarly journals Paradigmaváltás a fogmegtartó kezelésben: az amalgámkorszak vége

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 (42) ◽  
pp. 1700-1709
Author(s):  
Krisztina Mikulás ◽  
Mercedes Linninger ◽  
Emőke Takács ◽  
Barbara Kispélyi ◽  
Katalin Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Material Research ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pubmed Database

Abstract: Dental amalgam has been used for more than 150 years due to its beneficial mechanical properties and durability in dentistry. In the past and to date, many questions about amalgam restorations have arisen, especially regarding the mercury content, which has been the subject of global disputes. By presenting the past and present of the ‘amalgam issue’, the aim of our paper is to display the current position of international literature. This summary is based on the publications in the PubMed database, the guidelines of the Council of European Dentists. Although the use of dental amalgam is widespread, concerns have been raised about the adverse effect on human health and the environment, focusing on its heavy metal pollution during waste treatment. In 2017, the European Union (EU) adopted the so-called Mercury Regulation, based on the United Nations Minamata Convention on Mercury, the recommendations of which are presented in the present review. This Regulation includes the requirement for EU Member States to develop a national action plan for the phase-down of amalgam. The feasibility plan for complete phase-out may be guaranteed by 2030. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of possible amalgam alternatives by presenting glass-ionomers and resin-based composites. In the future, more material research programmes and long-term follow-up studies are necessary. In addition to several global health organizations, the Council of European Dentists also draws attention to prevent dental caries, expecting to reduce the number of restorations. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(42): 1700–1709.

scholarly journals A Process Oriented MCDM Approach to Construct a Circular Economy Composite Index

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Garcia-Bernabeu ◽  
Adolfo Hilario-Caballero ◽  
David Pla-Santamaria ◽  
Francisco Salas-Molina
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
National Level ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Monitoring Framework

The purpose of this contribution is to develop a Circular Economy Composite indicator to benchmark EU countries performance. Europe is at the forefront of the global transition towards a sustainable and circular economy. To this end, the European Commission has launched in 2015 a Circular Economy Action Plan including a monitoring framework to measure progress and to assess the effectiveness of initiatives towards the circular economy in the European Union (EU) and Member States. Still, this monitoring framework lacks a composite indicator at the national level to aggregate the circular economy dimensions into a single summary indicator. Although there is a wide range of sustainability composite indicators, no aggregate circular economy index exits to this date. We use a multi-criteria approach to construct a circular economy composite index based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solutions) methodology. In addition, we introduce a novel aggregation methodology for building a composite indicator where different levels of compensability for the distances to the ideal and anti-ideal (or negative-ideal) values of each indicator are considered. In order to illustrate the advantages of this proposal, we have applied it to evaluate the Circular Economy performance of EU Member States for the year 2016. This proposal can be a valuable tool for identifying areas in which the countries need to concentrate their efforts to boost their circular economy performance.

scholarly journals A Framework Action Plan to fight Tuberculosis in the European Union

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 5-6
Author(s):  
K Fernandez de la Hoz ◽  
D Manissero ◽  
on behalf of the Tuberculosis Disease Programme*
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Mdr Tb ◽  
Low Incidence

Many European Union (EU) Member States show a decline in tuberculosis (TB) incidence and many have low incidence rates (15 countries reported less than 10 cases per 100,000 population in 2006). However, despite the progress in curbing the TB epidemic, the disease remains a public health threat in the EU. The epidemiological patterns are still very diverse between countries and control efforts are challenged by problems such as multidrug-resistant (MDR TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB), TB/HIV co-infection and the concentration of cases within vulnerable groups.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Eleonora Rosati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
The Other ◽  
Property Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Copyright Policy ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
The Eu

Compared to other areas of intervention at the European Union (EU) level, copyright harmonization is a relatively recent phenomenon. Compared to other areas of intellectual property law, copyright harmonization has not been as complete as with other rights. Yet, two phenomena may be observed: one the one hand, copyright policy and legislative initiatives have intensified over the past few years; on the other hand, the large number of references to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has substantially shaped the EU copyright framework and, with it, also the copyright framework of individual EU Member States....

Can the European Union Force its Member States to Introduce the Euro?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D.W. Stoffels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Convergence Criterion ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Exchange Rate ◽  
New Eu Member States ◽  
The Eu

In this study, the author addresses the intriguing, topical but little-studied question of whether the (old and new) EU Member States should, upon accession to the EU, be obliged to introduce the euro. To begin with, he examines—while deliberately ignoring the problematic exchange rate convergence criterion—whether introducing the euro should in principle be obligatory. After having answered this question in the affirmative, he takes a closer look at the exchange rate convergence criterion. He concludes that a country’s formal participation in the ERM II is a necessary but insufficient requirement for that country to meet the exchange rate convergence criterion. However, since ERM II membership is, for its part, voluntary, this also makes a country’s decision to introduce the euro completely voluntary. Accordingly, a Member State like Sweden is entitled to simply circumvent introducing the euro by simply refraining from participating in the ERM II. The author continuously refers to how different groups of Member States have been treated in the past with regard to them introducing the euro.

scholarly journals Farewell to flexicurity? Austerity and labour policies in the European Union

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hastings ◽  
Jason Heyes
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Comparative Institutional Analysis ◽  
The Eu

For the past decade the European Commission has urged EU member states to pursue ‘flexicurity’ policies aimed at achieving employment growth and social inclusion. However, the economic crisis and turn to austerity across the EU has presented the flexicurity model with a substantial challenge. This article argues that since 2008 labour policies across the EU have exhibited shared tendencies, but support for measures that might contribute to the achievement of the security aspects of flexicurity has been substantially weakened. In developing this argument, the article presents findings from a cluster analysis and detailed investigations of labour policies in EU member countries. The article also discusses the implications of the findings for comparative institutional analysis. It highlights differences in the approaches of countries that are commonly treated as members of the same institutional family, as well as similarities in the policies adopted by countries commonly associated with different ‘varieties’ of capitalism.

Dental amalgam: a practical guide

Dental Update ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 607-618
Author(s):  
Louis Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Undergraduate Teaching ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Restorative Material ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
The Status ◽  
Tooth Preparation ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Historically, dental amalgam is the world's most commonly used restorative material. Its use is declining due to patient and professional demand for tooth-coloured restorations that are adhesive and promote minimally invasive tooth preparation techniques. Significant reduction has also resulted from environmental concerns relating to dental amalgam's ~50% mercury content. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the status of dental amalgam including its advantages and disadvantages, amalgam safety, regulations and legislation and a comparison with alternative restorative materials. As the undergraduate teaching of amalgam procedures has progressively declined, this paper also provides an illustrated step-by-step revision guide to the materials, equipment and clinical techniques that will optimize the restoration of challenging, complex cavities, where amalgam is still considered by many to be the material of choice. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Amalgam remains an excellent restorative material for long-lasting restorations in large/complex cavities and where moisture control presents challenges.

scholarly journals Economic analysis of public revenues and expenditures in the countries of the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (19) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Biljana Ivanova ◽  
Milan Mihajlović ◽  
Miloš Miljković
Keyword(s):  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Budget Deficits ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Public Revenues

Modern states are faced with significant budget deficits and public debts. The long-standing negative trend of these categories can create significant negative consequences. All countries strives to rationalize expenditures and increase revenues without distraction the functioning of the economy. The subject of this paper is to create models of forecasting public revenues and public expenditures based on the same in previous years. The analysis includes all EU Member States and the values of public revenues and expenditures over the past ten years. The SPSS software package was used for data analysis and the conclusions were drawn from the obtained results. The importance of the analysis is reflected in the practical foundation of the pre-set theoretical views, which will have their foundation also in the results of the analysis, which will be statistically significant. The resulting model does not have its limitation of application and can be applied to the Republic of Serbia.

scholarly journals The ratio of national and supranational levels of foreign policy formation of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
Melissa Erhiun
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Policy ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Supranational Level ◽  
The Eu

The relevance of the topic has been summed up by the migratory crisis, the emergence of recent conflicts and the occasional instability near the cordons of the EU, as a result, he is forced to strengthen supranational governance in various fields. One of such areas is foreign policy, which in the context of changing the nature of security interactions plays an important role in the process of European integration. The object of the study is the EU as an international actor in the process of its formation and development. The subject is the foreign policy dimension of the EU's functioning, its conceptual, institutional and instrumental aspects.The aim of the article was to consider a number of approaches with different emphases in the interpretation of the European Union's foreign policy, definitions of "sovereignty" and "supranationality", the difference between normative and implementing supranationalism, the historical attitude of member states to the full preservation or delegation of sovereignty. in the formation of EU policy, the creation of new authorities and positions in the process of EU formation in the context and the factors influencing member states on the formation of common EU policy and determine the attitude of member states to the supranational level of governance, advantages and disadvantages for them.Conclusions. Member states are ambivalent about deeper integration in foreign policy. On the one hand, foreign policy cooperation can serve as a tool that allows Member States to pursue their national interests more effectively. However, in the absence of leadership in the EU, the supranational level can become an instrument of regulatory justification for projecting the priorities of individual member states on other members of the union. At the same time, the possibilities of its use remain limited due to serious differences in the strategic culture of the EU member states.

scholarly journals International and Supranational Means of Protection of Taxpayers` Rights within the Framework of Automatic Exchange of Information on Financial Accounts: Experience of the European Union

Taxes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 30-35
Author(s):  
Stanislav S. Ageev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
European Convention ◽  
International Level ◽  
The European Union ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Financial Account ◽  
The Eu

In this article the problem of protection of taxpayers’ rights in the context of automatic exchange of financial account information is studied. This problem is a particular case of a wider problem inherent to tax law in general — the problem of finding a balance between private and public interest. The author researches this problem on the example of the European Union since in the EU taxpayers have not only international but supranational remedies as well. On the international level the provisions of tax treaties, the EU Charter of fundamental rights and the European convention on human rights are analyzed. The conclusion on the advantages and disadvantages of each tax treaty is made. On the supranational level the Directive on administrative cooperation and General data protection regulation are studied. Then the conclusion on their influence on national legislation of the EU Member States follows. In the end the ways of improvement of taxpayers’ remedies on the international level are suggested. One of them is the additions to Multilateral convention on mutual administrative assistance in tax matters of 1988 that is currently the only universal tax treaty.

PRICE OF ALCOHOL IN EU MEMBER STATES – AFFORDABILITY OF ALCOHOLIC PRODUCTS AND ROLE OF EXCISE DUTIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fanta ◽  
◽  
Radek Soběhart ◽  
Aleš Rod ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Excise Duties

This research paper focuses on alcoholic beverages and their price affordability between 2000-2016 in the member states of the European Union. Based on the data from OECD, WHO, Eurostat, and the European Commission, the paper primarily discusses development of prices and consumption of alcoholic products, level of excise duties, and the development of average wages. Overall alcohol consumption has decreased in most EU member states over the past two decades, even though price affordability has increased due to relatively dynamic development of average wages. As consumption of alcohol products is decreasing, producers of alcoholic beverages are now pushed to increase the prices of alcoholic products to keep their level of revenues, which means that the price of alcohol is growing naturally. Those facts raise a question about the role of excise duties on alcohol, whether it is an effective tool for reducing alcohol consumption or just a fiscal tool, whose further increases might lead to market distortions.

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