NATURAL SELECTION ON EXTRAFLORAL NECTAR PRODUCTION IN CHAMAECRISTA FASCICULATA: THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF A MUTUALISM TRAIT

Evolution ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (12) ◽  
pp. 2657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Rutter ◽  
Mark D. Rausher
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Extrafloral Nectar ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Chamaecrista Fasciculata ◽  
Nectar Production

Ecological immunology

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-142
Author(s):  
Paul Schmid-Hempel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Ecological Immunology ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Response Delay ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Immunological Factors ◽  
Immune Defences

Infections and parasite loads vary among hosts. Variation results from ecological, genetic, and immunological factors. Immune defences provide benefits as well as costs and are, therefore, a compromise. Costs result from trade-offs with other needs and can be genetically encoded or plastic (i.e. can change depending on circumstances). Costs are physiological (e.g. energy consumption) or based on evolved genetic covariance. Self-damage (immunopathology) is a further, important cost. Natural selection should optimize the costs and benefits of defences and thus leads to various outcomes in terms of specificity, response delay and strength, or the formation of memory. Moreover, hosts can either resist an infection by eventual clearance, or tolerate the consequences of parasitism.

The effects of different damage and volatiles on extrafloral nectar production in cotton plants

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
秦秋菊 QIN Qiuju ◽  
李莎 LI Sha ◽  
毛达 MAO Da ◽  
李娜 LI Na ◽  
李梦杰 LI Mengjie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extrafloral Nectar ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Cotton Plants
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