EVOLUTION OF MIXED STRATEGIES OF PLANT DEFENSE ALLOCATION AGAINST NATURAL ENEMIES

Evolution ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fornoni ◽  
Juan Núñez-Farfán ◽  
Pedro Luis Valverde ◽  
Mark D. Rausher
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Mixed Strategies ◽  
Defense Allocation

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF MIXED STRATEGIES OF PLANT DEFENSE ALLOCATION AGAINST NATURAL ENEMIES

Evolution ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 1685-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fornoni ◽  
Juan Nunez-Farfán ◽  
Pedro Luis Valverde ◽  
Mark D. Rausher
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Mixed Strategies ◽  
Defense Allocation

scholarly journals Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist insect herbivore

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (46) ◽  
pp. 23174-23181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Cong van Doan ◽  
Carla C. M. Arce ◽  
Lingfei Hu ◽  
Sandra Gruenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Specialist Insect

Plants defend themselves against herbivores through the production of toxic and deterrent metabolites. Adapted herbivores can tolerate and sometimes sequester these metabolites, allowing them to feed on defended plants and become toxic to their own enemies. Can herbivore natural enemies overcome sequestered plant defense metabolites to prey on adapted herbivores? To address this question, we studied how entomopathogenic nematodes cope with benzoxazinoid defense metabolites that are produced by grasses and sequestered by a specialist maize herbivore, the western corn rootworm. We find that nematodes from US maize fields in regions in which the western corn rootworm was present over the last 50 y are behaviorally and metabolically resistant to sequestered benzoxazinoids and more infective toward the western corn rootworm than nematodes from other parts of the world. Exposure of a benzoxazinoid-susceptible nematode strain to the western corn rootworm for 5 generations results in higher behavioral and metabolic resistance and benzoxazinoid-dependent infectivity toward the western corn rootworm. Thus, herbivores that are exposed to a plant defense sequestering herbivore can evolve both behavioral and metabolic resistance to plant defense metabolites, and these traits are associated with higher infectivity toward a defense sequestering herbivore. We conclude that plant defense metabolites that are transferred through adapted herbivores may result in the evolution of resistance in herbivore natural enemies. Our study also identifies plant defense resistance as a potential target for the improvement of biological control agents.

Extending Plant Defense Theory to Seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-141
Author(s):  
James W. Dalling ◽  
Adam S. Davis ◽  
A. Elizabeth Arnold ◽  
Carolina Sarmiento ◽  
Paul-Camilo Zalamea
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Defense Syndromes ◽  
Defense Theory ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we describe the diverse ways in which seeds are chemically and physically defended. We suggest that through associations with other traits, seeds are likely to exhibit defense syndromes that reflect constraints or trade-offs imposed by selection to attract dispersers, enable effective dispersal, ensure appropriate timing of seed germination, and enhance seedling performance. We draw attention to seed and reproductive traits that are analogous to defense traits in mature plants and describe how the effectiveness of defenses is likely to differ at pre- and postdispersal stages. We also highlight recent insights into the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between seeds and microbial communities, including fungi and endohyphal bacteria, that can influence seed survival in the soil and subsequent seedling vigor.

Variation in natural plant products and the attraction of bodyguards involved in indirect plant defenseThe present review is one in the special series of reviews on animal–plant interactions.

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 628-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Mumm ◽  
Marcel Dicke
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Green Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Leaf Volatiles ◽  
Plant Volatile ◽  
Indirect Plant Defense

Plants can respond to feeding or egg deposition by herbivorous arthropods by changing the volatile blend that they emit. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can attract carnivorous natural enemies of the herbivores, such as parasitoids and predators, a phenomenon that is called indirect plant defense. The volatile blends of infested plants can be very complex, sometimes consisting of hundreds of compounds. Most HIPVs can be classified as terpenoids (e.g., (E)-β-ocimene, (E,E)-α-farnesene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene), green leaf volatiles (e.g., hexanal, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate), phenylpropanoids (e.g., methyl salicylate, indole), and sulphur- or nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., isothiocyanates or nitriles, respectively). One highly intriguing question has been which volatiles out of the complex blend are the most important ones for the carnivorous natural enemies to locate "suitable host plants. Here, we review the methods and techniques that have been used to elucidate the carnivore-attracting compounds. Electrophysiological methods such as electroantennography have been used with parasitoids to elucidate which compounds can be perceived by the antennae. Different types of elicitors and inhibitors have widely been applied to manipulate plant volatile blends. Furthermore, transgenic plants that were genetically modified in specific steps in one of the signal transduction pathways or biosynthetic routes have been used to find steps in HIPV emission crucial for indirect plant defense. Furthermore, we provide an overview on biotic and abiotic factors that influence the emission of HIPVs and how this can affect the interactions between members of different trophic levels. Consequently, we review the progress that has been made in this exciting research field during the past 30 years since the first studies on HIPVs emerged and we highlight important issues to be addressed in the future.

scholarly journals Plant defense resistance in natural enemies of a specialist insect herbivore

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Cong van Doan ◽  
Carla C.M. Arce ◽  
Lingfei Hu ◽  
Sandra Gruenig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Western Corn Rootworm ◽  
Insect Herbivore ◽  
Corn Rootworm ◽  
Metabolic Resistance ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Specialist Insect ◽  
Novel Target

AbstractPlants defend themselves against herbivores through the production of toxic and deterrent metabolites. Adapted herbivores can tolerate and sequester these metabolites, allowing them to feed on defended plants and become toxic to their own enemies. Can herbivore natural enemies overcome sequestered plant defense metabolites to prey on adapted herbivores? To address this question, we studied how entomopathogenic nematodes cope with benzoxazinoid defense metabolites that are produced by grasses and sequestered by a specialist maize herbivore, the western corn rootworm. We find that nematodes from US maize fields in regions in which the western corn rootworm was present over the last 50 years are behaviorally and metabolically resistant to sequestered benzoxazinoids and more infective towards the western corn rootworm than nematodes from other parts of the world. Exposure of a benzoxazinoid-susceptible nematode strain to the western corn rootworm for five generations results in higher behavioral and metabolic resistance and benzoxazinoid-dependent infectivity towards the western corn rootworm. Thus, herbivores that are exposed to a plant defense sequestering herbivore can evolve both behavioral and metabolic resistance to plant defense metabolites, and these traits are associated with higher infectivity towards a defense sequestering herbivore. We conclude that plant defense metabolites that are transferred through adapted herbivores may result in the evolution of resistance in herbivore natural enemies. Our study also identifies plant defense resistance as a novel target for the improvement of biological control agents.

scholarly journals From Diverse Origins to Specific Targets: Role of Microorganisms in Indirect Pest Biological Control

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Frédéric Francis ◽  
Hans Jacquemyn ◽  
Frank Delvigne ◽  
Bart Lievens
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Plant Defense ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Pest Insects

Integrated pest management (IPM) is today a widely accepted pest management strategy to select and use the most efficient control tactics and at the same time reduce over-dependence on chemical insecticides and their potentially negative environmental effects. One of the main pillars of IPM is biological control. While biological control programs of pest insects commonly rely on natural enemies such as predatory insects, parasitoids and microbial pathogens, there is increasing evidence that plant, soil and insect microbiomes can also be exploited to enhance plant defense against herbivores. In this mini-review, we illustrate how microorganisms from diverse origins can contribute to plant fitness, functional traits and indirect defense responses against pest insects, and therefore be indirectly used to improve biological pest control practices. Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere have not only been shown to enhance plant growth and plant strength, but also promote plant defense against herbivores both above- and belowground by providing feeding deterrence or antibiosis. Also, herbivore associated molecular patterns may be induced by microorganisms that come from oral phytophagous insect secretions and elicit plant-specific responses to herbivore attacks. Furthermore, microorganisms that inhabit floral nectar and insect honeydew produce volatile organic compounds that attract beneficial insects like natural enemies, thereby providing indirect pest control. Given the multiple benefits of microorganisms to plants, we argue that future IPMs should consider and exploit the whole range of possibilities that microorganisms offer to enhance plant defense and increase attraction, fecundity and performance of natural enemies.

scholarly journals Evolution of mixed strategies of plant defense against herbivores

2012 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nash E. Turley ◽  
Ryan M. Godfrey ◽  
Marc T. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Mixed Strategies
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