scholarly journals Bactericidal and disinfective properties of disinfectant «GK-10»

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (87) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
M.M. Danko ◽  
S.A. Ponomariova
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Laboratory Facilities ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Light Yellow Color

The article presents the results of research on bactericidal properties of the new domestic disinfectant «GK-10», which is a transparent solution of light yellow color, without mechanical inclusions with a specific odor. It is well mixed with water. It is based on alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC) and dodecylbispropylentriamine (1,3-prodadiene) (tertiary amines). Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenolic coefficient (FC) and protein index (PI). Thus, the most susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were were gram-negative bacteria E. coli, where cell death occurred at 10 and 30 minute exposures at concentrations of 0.19 and 0.14%, respectively. Due to the action of the disinfectant on the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations 0.27 and 0.19%, respectively. The least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were vegetative forms of B. subtilis, the death of these bacteria came at concentrations 0.37 and 0.27% at 10 and 30 minutes of exposure, respectively. Effects of disinfectant was over 5.38 and 2.74 times higher on microorganisms of E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontamination effect of phenol, and in the presence of protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 6.45 times. The efficiency of the disinfectant for the strains of microorganisms at the disinfestation of the test-object surfaces is determined. It has been established that for test cultures of E. coli and S. aureus 0.05–0.3% of disinfectant concentration is ineffective, and 0.5% its disinfectant concentration for disinfection of hard surfaces in preventive disinfection of premises for animals is insufficient for exposure in 120 minutes. For spore form B. subtilis 1.0% disinfectant concentration was ineffective. 1.0% concentration is effective for aseptic cleaning: slaughterhouses, processing shops, laboratory facilities, means of transporting products of animal origin, soaking clothes before washing, and also for treating surfaces of wood, metal and glazed tile at exposures of 60 minutes and more, and when spore forms of microorganisms, the working concentration of insoluble in disinfection of objects subject to veterinary control should be 3% and above. It has been proved that the disinfectant «GK-10» is effective at a concentration of 0.5% at exposure for 180 minutes and at a concentration of 1.0% at an exposure of 120 minutes for the sanation and preventive disinfection of premises for animals.

scholarly journals Bactericidal and disinfective properties of disinfectant «Zyrocko-400-Glucuxid»

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (83) ◽  
pp. 255-259
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
Т.V. Orynchak ◽  
O.-I.Y. Galutskiy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Specific Odor ◽  
Test Objects

The results of research of bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Zyrocko-400-Glucuxid» which is a transparent light color, without mechanical inclusions, a solution with a specific odor. It is well mixed with water, created on the basis of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QAC), glutaraldehyde and purified water. It was found the bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (PC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was gramnegativ bacteria of E. coli, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0691 and 0.0353%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations of 0.1355 and 0.0691%, respectively. Microorganisms S. typhimurium were the least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant; the death of the microorganisms came at concentrations of 1.4286 and 1.0204%, for 10 and 30 minute exposures, respectively, and, due to the action of the disinfectant on the test culture of P. vulgaris, the death of cells came under given conditions, at concentrations of 0.7289 і 0.5206%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for spore form of B. subtilis cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 1.4286 і 0.7289%, respectively. The disinfectant effect of this disinfectant is 17.71 і 6.46  times higher on microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontaminant effect of phenol, and in the presence of a protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 9.04 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test-objects. It is established that test-cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris at 0.05% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective and for the test culture of S. typhimurium, its 0.5% concentration is ineffective. For spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 1.0%. The preparation «Zуroсko-400-Glucuxide» is effective at disinfection of objects that are subject to a vet control at a concentration of 1.0%, subject to an exposure of 60 minutes or more. For decontamination of objects at spore forms of microorganisms, the working concentration of the insoluble must be 2.0% and above, at exposures of 60 minutes or more and 3.0% at exposures of 30 minutes or more.

scholarly journals Бактерицидні та дезінфікуючі властивості деззасобу «Арквадез-плюс»

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (78) ◽  
pp. 68-73
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
O.V. Khyrivskyy ◽  
Т.V. Orynchak
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Test Culture ◽  
Bactericidal Properties ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Light Color ◽  
Rigid Surfaces

The results of research bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Arquadez–plus» which is a transparent light color, without mechanical inclusions, solution with a specific odor, and created on the basis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), in particular, the composition of the disinfectant include: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and dimethyldipetylammonium chloride. Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (PC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was gram-negativ bacteria of E. coli, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0129 and 0.0092%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations of 0.0252 and 0.018%, respectively. Microorganisms P. vulgaris were the least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant; the death of the microorganisms came at concentrations of 1,0204 and 0.5206%, for 10 and 30 minute exposures, respectively, and, due to the action of the disinfectant on the test culture of S. typhimurium, the death of cells came under given conditions, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.2656%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for vegetative cells of B. subtilis cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0494 and 0.018% but in the spore form, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.3719%, respectively. The disinfectant effect of this disinfectant is 79.4 and 28.9 times higher on microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontaminant effect of phenol, and in the presence of a protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 1.4 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test-objects.It is established that test-cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris at 0.05% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective and for the test culture of S. typhimurium, its 0.1% concentration is ineffective.For vegetative and spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 1.0%. Is ineffective at the 0.5–1.0% concentrations is effective for processing rigid surfaces, at preventive disinfection of premises for animals and birds at exposure for 60 minutes, and at spore forms of microorganisms its working concentration should be 2.0%, at exposure in 120 minutes and 3.0% at exposures in 30 minutes or more. Proved that the disinfectant «Arquadez-plus» in a production environment at a concentration of 1.0% by wet surface irrigation facilities for animals and working solution 0.25–0.3 liters per 1 square meter with an exposure of 2 hours, showing high disinfectant properties. 

Czochralski Crystal Growth of Zinc Oxide-Tellurium Oxide System

2005 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalal M. Nawash ◽  
Kelvin G. Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Single Crystal ◽  
Grown Crystal ◽  
Oxide System ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Czochralski Technique ◽  
Tellurium Oxide ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Mole Percentage ◽  
Light Yellow Color

ABSTRACTCzochralski technique was employed in an attempt to grow a single crystal of the system ZnO-TeO2. A good quality grown crystal is expected to be transparent with a very light yellow color. The crystals exhibit a high resistivity of the order of 1013 Ω-cm. Different mole percentages have been tested for growth. Several attempts were performed to pull a single crystal. It was found that the best mole percentage of ZnO-TeO2 is 35.5:64.5. The pulled material grows uniformly, such that necking and conning are noticed. The pulled material contained multiple single crystals which were isolated and studied. Each one of them was transparent. Some properties will be presented. The pulled material of the 40:60 ZnO-TeO2 mole percentage returned four phases. Two of these phases are very uncommon.

scholarly journals Alkaline instant noodles: use of alkaline salts to reduce sodium and assessment of calcium bioaccessibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. e51210212778
Author(s):  
Ana Paula Rebellato ◽  
Priscila Ferreira Tavares ◽  
Guilherme Neves Trindade ◽  
Juliana A. Lima Pallone ◽  
Pedro H. Campelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Light Yellow Color ◽  
Instant Noodles

Instant noodles originated in eastern nations and have been accepted due to its practicality and low cost. However, its high sodium content can lead to health problems. The present study aimed to reduce sodium and increase calcium levels in noodles. A control (N1: K2CO3+ Na2CO3) and three treatments with the addition of calcium carbonate in combination with alkaline salts such as potassium and sodium carbonates (N2: K2CO3+ CaCO3; N3: Na2CO3+ CaCO3; and N4: CaCO3) were studied. Two hydration methods were investigated, and the technological characterization and the calcium bioaccessibility of the different noodle formulations were determined. N4 did not fit into the alkaline noodle category due to its neutral pH.  N2 and N4 showed a sodium reduction of around 28% and a significant increase in calcium content, with higher bioaccessible calcium. Significant changes were observed for the noodles made with the addition of different alkaline salts, with a light-yellow color and better texture than the control, which can be a positive aspect, once products with reduced nutrients usually present differentiated coloring. Therefore, the use of calcium carbonate may be a promising alternative to increase Ca intake and to reduce the sodium content of instant noodles.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN DALAM PROSES PEWARNAAN KAIN TENUN IKAT DI PULAU NDAO, DESA NDAO NUSE, KABUPATEN ROTE NDAO

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Delfi Yulianti Ledoh ◽  
Alan Ch Sabuna ◽  
Yanti Daud
Keyword(s):  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Light Yellow Color ◽  
Descriptive Method

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the types of natural coloring plants, organs plant or parts used, the processing to the colors produced from plants organs used in the process of coloring woven cloth on Ndao Island, Ndao Nuse Village, Ndao Nuse  sub-district, Rote Ndao Regency. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The technique used in this study is direct observation techniques in the field and semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews are interview processes that use interview guides derived from the development of topics and ask questions to ikat weaving craftsmen, the aim is to explore and obtain information related to the data needed. Based on the results of research in Ndao Nuse Village, Ndao Nuse sub-district, Rote Ndao Regency, found 5 types of natural coloring plants that are utilized by the Ndao Nuse community in the process of coloring woven cloth, namely tarum (Indigofera tinctoria L) producing black, turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica L) producing yellow, legundi (Vitex trifolia L) produces a light yellow color, kedondong fence (Lannea nigratana) produces a brown color, the green color is produced red distance (Jatrhopa gossiphofolia). Parts or organs of plants used are leaves, rhizomes and bark. The process of processing plant parts or organs that are used to produce color includes collision, boiling, and soaking. In addition to the 5 types of plants that are used as basic dyes there are also plants and other additives used in the coloring process are lime, whiting, and alum. The benefits of this additional material are as a color enhancer so that the color produced does not fade easily. Most of the plants that have potential as natural dyes for connective weaving have been cultivated. Plants that are cultivated are tarum, turmeric, and kedondong fence.         Keywords: Weaving, Natural Staining Plants ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the types of natural coloring plants, organs plant or parts used, the processing to the colors produced from plants organs used in the process of coloring woven cloth on Ndao Island, Ndao Nuse Village, Ndao Nuse sub-district, Rote Ndao Regency. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method. The technique used in this study is direct observation techniques in the field and semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews are interview processes that use interview guides derived from the development of topics and ask questions to ikat weaving craftsmen, the aim is to explore and obtain information related to the data needed. Based on the results of research in Ndao Nuse Village, Ndao Nuse sub-district, Rote Ndao Regency, found 5 types of natural coloring plants that are utilized by the Ndao Nuse community in the process of coloring woven cloth, namely tarum (Indigofera tinctoria L) producing black, turmeric rhizome (Curcuma domestica L) producing yellow, legundi (Vitex trifolia L) produces a light yellow color, kedondong fence (Lannea nigratana) produces a brown color, the green color is produced red distance (Jatrhopa gossiphofolia). Parts or organs of plants used are leaves, rhizomes and bark. The process of processing plant parts or organs that are used to produce color includes collision, boiling, and soaking. In addition to the 5 types of plants that are used as basic dyes there are also plants and other additives used in the coloring process are lime, whiting, and alum. The benefits of this additional material are as a color enhancer so that the color produced does not fade easily. Most of the plants that have potential as natural dyes for connective weaving have been cultivated. Plants that are cultivated are tarum, turmeric, and kedondong fence. Keywords: Weaving, Natural Staining Plants

scholarly journals Fortification of Citric Acid to Enhance Sensory Properties of Papaya Jam during Storage

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Dharia Renate
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Light Yellow Color ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Storage

Abstract--The objectives of this research were to know the effect of citric acid on papaya jam to its sensory propertiesduring storage and to determine the concentration of citric acid and storage time to the quality of papaya jam.  Material used was mature and ripe of fresh papaya, purchased from local market.  This research was designed as a Factorial Completely Randomized Designed.  The factors were the concentration of citric acids (0.3, 0.35, 0.4 percent w/w) and storage times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 weeks).  The number of 18 trained panelists evaluated the color, texture, spreadibility and flavor.  Data was analyzed using analysis of variance.  The significantly different treatment was further analyzed by using  Multiple Comparison and TukeyTest.  The results indicated that the concentration of citric acids and storage time had significant effects on the quality of papaya jam.  Research concluded that the concentration of citric acids of 0.4 percent and storage time of 2 weeks were found to yield the best quality in papaya jam.  The papaya jam was good in light yellow color, soft  texture, good spreadibility, liked flavor, hence the consumeracceptance like this papaya jam.

scholarly journals Biología del Picudo de la guayaba Conotrachelus psidii (Marshall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Augusto Monroy ◽  
Orlando Ildefonso Insuasty
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Insect Eggs ◽  
Guava Fruit ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Rain Season ◽  
Light Yellow Color ◽  
Eggs And Larvae

<p>El Picudo, <em>Conotrachelus psidii </em>Marshall, desarrolla su estado larvario en el fruto de la guayaba alimentándose de la semilla; el insecto petrifica y madura prematuramente la fruta confiriéndole un aspecto desagradable que causa rechazo en el mercado. En la actualidad causa pérdidas significativas en la agroindustria de la Hoya de Río Suárez. Conocer la duración de los estadios biológicos y sus preferencias de oviposición, permitirá diseñar estrategias de manejo integrado. Los huevos y las larvas se obtuvieron semanalmente de frutos infestados artificialmente para conocer los cambios morfológicos de la cabeza de la larva y la duración del estadio. Cuando las larvas abandonaron el fruto se introdujeron en dispositivos plásticos tubulares saturados con tierra, los cuales se disectaron mensualmente para registrar los estadios de larva, pupa y adulto en el suelo. Se observó que las hembras ovipositaron frutos de 30 a 90 días de edad; los huevos son blanquecinos y con longitud promedio de 1 mm. La larva es ápoda y de color amarillo, con longitudes entre 1,2 y 1,5 mm y entre 10 y 12 mm en las semanas primera y sexta, respectivamente. La pupa es exarata, amarilla clara y de 7,5 mm de longitud. El adulto es café oscuro y tiene 6 mm de largo. El ciclo total duró 199 días distribuido así: huevo, 4 a 7 días; larva en el fruto, 42 a 56 días; larva en suelo, 90 días; pupa, 30 a 60 días. Los adultos emergieron entre 20 y 30 días en la época lluviosa y en laboratorio sobrevivieron hasta 435 días después de su emergencia.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Biology of the guaba weevil <em>Conotrachelus psidii </em>(Marshall) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</strong></p><p>The weevil <em>Conotrachelus psidii </em>(Marshall) develops its larval stages inside the guava fruit feeding on its seeds, and petrifying and prematurely ripening the fruit, developing an unpleasant appearance, rejected by the market. To design strategies for biological control, its necessary to determine the length of the different biological phases of the insect. Eggs and larvae were obtained every week from semi-artificially infected fruits to determine larva’s head morphological changes. Once larvae abandoned the fruit, they were transferred to 6 “ diameter plastic tubes filled with soil and dissected monthly to register the different life stages of larvae, pupae and adults. Oviposition preferences were observed in 30 to 90 days old guavas. Eggs are whitish and measured on average 1mm of length. Larvae are apoda and yellow, ranging in length from 1.2 to 1.5 mm and from 10 to 12 mm in the first and sixth week respectively. Pupae have exharate shape, of light yellow color with an average of 7.5 mm length. Adults are dark brown and 6 mm in length. The total cycle lasted 199 days distributed as follow: egg, 4 to 7 days; larva in the fruit, 42 to 56 days; larva in soil, 90 days and pupa stage from 30 to 60 days. Adults emerged from 20 to 30 days during the rain season and survive up to 435 days under laboratory conditions.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Бактерицидні та дезінфікуючі властивості деззасобу «Алкісепт–100»

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (73) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
O.L. Tishyn ◽  
G.T. Kopijchuk ◽  
R.V. Khomiak ◽  
O.V. Khyrivskyy ◽  
M.M. Danko
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Protein Activity ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Spore Form ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Organic Impurities ◽  
Working Solution ◽  
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride ◽  
Test Cultures

The results of research bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Alkisept–100» that based on a glutaraldehyde, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and aminotrismethylenephosphonic acid. Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (FC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was test-cultures of P. vulgaris, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.26 and 0.18%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, vegetative cells of B. subtilis vegetative cells and cultures of S. typhimurium test-cell death drew under these conditions at concentrations of 0.72 and 0.52%, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria E. coli were more susceptible to disinfectant and cell death drew for these exposures at concentrations of 0.52 and 0.37 %, respectively. BD of this disinfectat were 1.96 and 1.4 higher times for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, from BD phenol, and in the presence of protein activity investigated disinfection preparation is reduced to 2.74 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test objects. It is established that test cultures of E. coli and S. aureus (without organic impurities) at 0.1% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective. For spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 4.0%. Is ineffective At the 1.0–1.5% and higher concentrations is effective for surface treatment of wood, metal and tile that are contaminated with organic substances and objects subject to veterinary controls, and for elimination spore forms of microorganisms at its working concentration of desinfectant should be 5.0% or higher, the exposure in 120 minutes or more. Proved that the disinfectant «Alkisept–100» in a production environment at a concentration of 1.0% by wet surface irrigation facilities for animals and working solution 0.25–0.3 liters per 1 square meter with an exposure of 2 hours, showing high disinfectant properties.

scholarly journals Variability of Morphological Characteristics of Hedysarum grandiflorum (Fabaceae, Dicotyledones) in Various Ecological Conditions of the Southern Volga Upland

2020 ◽  
pp. 445-457
Author(s):  
M. V. Lavrentiev ◽  
V. A. Boldyrev
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Volga Upland ◽  
Feather Grass ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Light Yellow Color

In recent decades the interest to the study of Hedysarum has increased. Researchers touched upon the classical issues of morphology and variability of external features of Hedysarum grandiflorum and other species of Hedysarum (to clarify morphology, to more accurately separate existing species, to describe the morphology of new species, including rare ones) providing almost no detailed descriptions. The paper provides information about the morphology of external features of H. grandiflorum in the Southern Volga Upland. The study was conducted in 2007–2018. We have studied 23 H. grandiflorum cenopopulations in habitats with various environmental conditions, where more than 600 counting sites were laid, and concluded that the morphological features of H. grandiflorum are rather variable and the values of morphometric parameters are higher in the northeastern part of the study area. The well-being of the population is achieved due to some heterogeneity in the size of individual plants and by means of suppressing the growth and size of separate cenopopulations. The decrease in the parameters of signs is often associated with a higher anthropogenic load. Dimensional indicators of individuals from the cenopopulations of the species studied depend on the thickness of soil, which decreases from fescue-feather grass to petrophyte steppes. Cluster analysis has allowed us to divide the cenopopulations into southern, northern and northeastern ones, and those with anthropogenic impact. The least variable and most informative morphological features of H. grandiflorum (in the descending order of importance) are: the length of the standard, the diameter of the caudex, the plant height, the number of foliole pairs, the number of inflorescences, the number of leaves, the length of the unpaired foliole, the number of flowers on the inflorescence, the length of leaves and the width of the unpaired foliole. In the overwhelming majority of the plants encountered, all the petals of the corolla were of uniform light yellow color, turning into a white tint to the edges of the petals. In some cenopopulations, the corolla can be colored differently and unevenly, especially at the keel. Approximately 0.3% of individuals of the corolla petals and/or the lower part of the keel and/or veins are light blue or light pink, less than 0.07% has a light magenta or even light purple tint of the veins of the carina, edges of the petals or the whole corolla. Similar individuals are found in other regions. Many scientists noted this peculiarity a long time ago and had already described this phenomenon as a color variation (for example, H. grandiflorum var. violaceum) or less often, as a subspecies (for example, H. grandiflorum ssp. argenteum). Individuals with recessive coloring of the corolla from the area of study are called intraspecific color variations.

scholarly journals The Genes of CYP, ZEP, and CCD1/4 Play an Important Role in Controlling Carotenoid and Aroma Volatile Apocarotenoid Accumulation of Apricot Fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanpeng Xi ◽  
Lina Zhang ◽  
Shengyu Liu ◽  
Guohua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Chemical Mechanism ◽  
Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Light Yellow ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Light Yellow Color ◽  
High Level ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are important coloration molecules and indispensable component of the human diet. And these compounds confer most of the apricot fruit yellow or orange color. In China, fruit of some apricot cultivar present light-yellow color but strong flowery flavor, however, the chemical mechanism remains unknown. Here, carotenoids and aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) in three skin types of apricot cultivars (orange, yellow, and light-yellow skinned) were determined by HPLC and GC-MS, respectively. And the transcript levels of carotenogenic genes were analyzed by qRT-PCR. The orange-skinned cultivars “Hongyu” and “Danxing” fruit presented the most abundant total carotenoid, β-carotene and specific α-carotene contents, and β-carotene (52–77%) increased to become the dominant carotenoid during fruit ripening. The transcript levels of lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb) and β-carotene hydroxylase (CHYb) sharply increased during ripening. The yellow-skinned cultivars “Sulian No. 2” and “Akeyaleke” fruit contained lower levels of total carotenoids and β-carotene but were rich in phytoene. The light-yellow coloration of “Baixing” and “Luntaixiaobaixing” fruit was attributed to low amounts of total carotenoids, lutein, and neoxanthin and an absence of β-cryptoxanthin, but high level of aroma volatile apocarotenoids (AVAs) such as β-ionone were detected in these cultivars fruit, accompanied by low transcript levels of carotene hydroxylase (CYP) and zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) but high levels of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) and CCD4. Correlation analysis showed that the expression level of CCD1 negatively correlated with carotenoid accumulation but positively with AVAs production. These collected results suggest that both carotenoid biosynthesis and degradation are important for apricot coloration and aroma formation. CYP, ZEP, CCD1, and CCD4 may be the key regulation points for carotenoid and AVAs accumulation in apricot fruit, which provide important targets for quality-oriented molecular breeding.

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