scholarly journals Морфологічні особливості деяких органів головної кишки коня

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (77) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
M.M. Stegney
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Sphenoid Bone ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Complex classical morphological methods of studies were used in investigation. Pneumatic saccus is placed over the dorsal side of the pharynx and aside of it. Extended basis is attached to the ventral surface of the body and alar processes of sphenoid bone. Lateral wall of the pneumatic saccus is connected with the medial stylohyoid by loose connective tissue. In front, the dorsal wall is adjacent to the alar processes of sphenoid bone. Palatine processes of incisive bone are the basis of the hard palate in front part, maxillary palatine processes – in the middle part and horizontal plates of the palatine bones in the back part. Macroscopically tonsils are clusters of lymphoid tissue limited by connective tissue capsule under the epithelium of the tongue, soft palate and pharynx. Oral cavity mucosa in the tonsils area of cattle and small ruminants forms sinuses or numerous folds, which are separated by furrows of tongue and pharyngeal tonsils in other animal species. The cluster of separate lymphoid nodules and diffuse lymphoid tissue located at the root of the tongue between secretory units of serous mucous glands form the lingual tonsils. In the pharyngeal mucosa between secretory units of mucous glands lymphoid nodules of odd pharyngeal tonsil are located. Even palatine tonsils are located caudal to the palatoglossal arch and from sides of the tongue root. In horse diffuse tonsils crypts are located on the side of the tongue. Clusters of lymphoid nodules form tonsils of pharyngeal lymphoid ring. They have crypts, which look like hollow of the epithelium into lamina propria of mucosa, surrounded by lymphoid nodules and diffuse lymphoid tissue. The epithelium of the mucous membrane is flat non-keratinized stratified, infiltrated with lymphoid cells. Lamina propria of mucosa in the tonsil area forms a connective tissue membrane, from which layers of connective tissue with blood vessels depart to the middle. Glands’ secretory units are found in the connective tissue base, glands’ excretory ducts open into the lumen of the crypts. Lymphoid tissue is the basis of parenchyma, which is formed by reticular tissue and lymphoid cells.

scholarly journals Histological studies on the oesophageal tonsils of broiler ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Indu V.R. ◽  
Biju S. ◽  
Lucy K. M. ◽  
Maya S.
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Histological Studies ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Mucosal Glands ◽  
Immunological Protection ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Histomorphological study was conducted on the oesophageal tonsils in six broiler Vigova Super-M ducks of six to eight weeks age. The location of the tonsil was at the junction between oesophagus and proventriculus. In histological sections six to eight isolated tonsillar units were seen in the lamina propria near the base of the oesophageal folds. Each tonsillar unit consisted of a crypt lined by lymphoepithelium and surrounded by dense lymphoid tissue. The tonsillar units were seen encapsulated by connective tissue and composed of many large lymphoid nodules separated by internodular areas. The secretory portion of the mucosal glands of the oesophagus were firmly associated with the lymphoid tissue and the cylindrical epithelium was transformed to lymphoepithelium. The oesophageal tonsils offered immunological protection at the entrance of stomach. Keywords: Oesophageal tonsils, Histomorphology, Ducks

scholarly journals Особливості будови стравоходу та його лімфоїдної тканини горобця домового (Passer domesticus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (78) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
N.V. Dyshlyuk
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Fibrous Connective Tissue ◽  
Smooth Muscle Tissue ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

The features of the structure of the esophagus and its lymphoid tissue of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) have been studied. It is shown that its wall is formed by well expressed mucous, muscular and least developed adventitial (serous in the caudal part) shells. The mucosa forms 7–9 longitudinal folds of leaf-shaped and finger-shaped forms directed into the lumen of the esophagus. It consists of epithelium, lamina propria, lamina muscularis and submucosa. The epithelial layer is represented by a multi-layered flat, weakly keratinizing epithelium and is better developed in the cranial part of this organ. Near the proventriculus, it passes into a single-layered cylindrical. In its lamina propria of the mucosa there are bags of numerous large esophageal glands in which mucus is recorded. Their excretory ducts open onto the surface of the mucosal epithelium. The lamina muscularis is intermittent in places, formed by a smooth muscle tissue. The submucosa is weakly expressed and its own plate is formed by a loose fibrous connective tissue with blood vessels. Between the esophagus glands, their excretory ducts and in the submucosa of the tunica mucosa on the border with the tunica muscular are separate clusters of diffuse lymphoid tissue, which are represented by cells of the lymphoid series without noticeable rarefaction and densities. The basis of the diffuse lymphoid tissue is the reticular tissue, the fibers of which, are densely disposed and do not have a definite orientation and form a small grid. In the area of transition of the esophagus to the proventriculus, the esophageal tonsil, which is inherent in many species of birds, is not expressed. In this area in the mucous membrane, only local accumulations of diffuse lymphoid tissue are recorded. There are no prenodules and lymphoid nodules. The tunica muscular of the esophagus is formed by a smooth muscle tissue, which forms the inner–circular and outer – longitudinal layers. Between them, layers of loose fibrous connective tissue and blood vessels are identified. Tunica adventitia (serosa) are formed by a loose fibrous connective tissue, and serosa is also covered by mesothelium.

scholarly journals Morphofunctional and immunohistochemical characteristics of the large omentum in ovarian cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
N. N. Shevlyuk ◽  
L. V. Khalikova ◽  
A. A. Khalikov
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
The Body ◽  
Great Omentum ◽  
Low Grade

The aim of the study was to establish morphofunctional and immunohistochemical characteristics of large omentum in women with ovarian cancer.Material and methods. The large omenta of 48 women with ovarian cancer (low-grade differentiated seropapillary adenocarcinoma of high-grade malignancy) of II stage (n=20) and III stage (n=28) were studied. Histological sections were stained with overview histological and immunohistochemical methods (to reveal ki67, P53, CD34, CD7, CD4, CD8, CD61 proteins expression). Results. In patients, the size of the large omentum was characterized by high individual variability; in the presence of metastasis, the size of the omentum was reduced. Intensive development of blood vessels in the organ was noted, but in the presence of metastases stasis of blood corpuscles, leucocytic infiltration, and moderate edema of connective tissue were observed in the organ’s vessels. Areas of lymphoid tissue, both small lymphatic follicles and diffusely located lymphoid tissue, were revealed in the omentum. In most follicles, reactive centers were not marked, and the number of follicles was reduced in the presence of metastases in the omentum. The analysis of CD34+ cells distribution showed that they were identified both in the tumor and in the areas of the omentum adjacent to the tumor, which indicates a pronounced angiogenesis. An irregular distribution of CD7+ and CD8+ and CD4+ cells was revealed in the tumor tissues, as well as in the surroundings. Simultaneously with the expression of P53 protein, ki67 protein expression is revealed in the significant number of tumor cells (including endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels). The proportion of ki67+ cells in the tumor cell population was 60.1±3.3%. The presence of a large number of ki67+cells in the presence of P53 protein expression in them indicates the aggressiveness of the tumor, as well as a disturbance of apoptosis regulatory mechanisms in the cells. Ki67 expression was low in the omentum areas unaffected by metastases, and it was revealed in the certain areas of connective tissue in fibroblastic programmed differentiation cells. Conclusion. The results obtained indicate significant plasticity and reactivity of great omentum in the presence of tumor process in the body and confirm the important role of great omentum in protective reactions.

scholarly journals A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SKIN LESIONS OF PELLAGRA

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Fraser B. Gurd
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Histological Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Predisposing Factor ◽  
Pigment Formation

The cutaneous lesions in pellagra consist of an early erythema, or, in occasional cases, of vesicles or bullous formations which are followed by hyperkeratosis and pigmentation, resulting in a dry, dark brown scaliness. These various lesions are similar to those normally produced by the action of sunlight, but are much more marked. The histological phenomena of the erythematous and bullous stage are those of a mild acute inflammatory reaction, together with a degeneration in the superficial layers of the corium. Following this degeneration, which involves not only the general connective tissue but the connective tissue of the blood vessels, there is a reparative change evidenced histologically by an increased cellularity of the corium and the presence of fibroblasts. The capillaries also are increased in number and much dilated. Apparently as a result of this increased vascularity of the corium, there is an increased proliferation of the epithelium resulting in a thickening of the epidermis. This increase in thickness of the epithelial layer is especially marked in the prickle cells and the stratum granulosum. In the later stages, in an effort to secure a firm basement membrane, the epithelium is seen to dip down deeply into the rarefied connective tissue. About the blood vessels during the reactionary process are found collections of lymphoid cells, a few plasma cells, but no mast cells or eosinophiles. That the irritant producing the degeneration in the corium is sunlight in the presence of some predisposing factor, is suggested by the enormous increase in pigment formation in the epithelial cells and by the large number of chromatophores in the superficial layers of the corium. This pigmentation is autochthonous in both types of cell. There is no reason for believing that the pigment is formed in the cells of the corium and thence discharged into the epithelium, or that the reverse process takes place. The predisposing factor inducing the changes in the corium is, apparently, a lessened resistance of the epithelium to the violet and ultra-violet rays, due to some metabolic insufficiency on the part of the epithelial cells. Further observation may justify the conclusion that throughout the body, pellagra is a disease essentially of the epithelium, including the nervous system, this pathological condition manifesting itself by an insufficient or altered function.

scholarly journals ВПЛИВ ПРОФІЛАКТИЧНОГО ПРОТИПНЕВМОКОКОВОГО ЗАСОБУ «ПНЕВМО-ПРО» НА МОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ЗМІНИ ОРГАНІВ ІМУННОЇ СИСТЕМИ КРОЛІВ

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2(66)) ◽  
pp. 166-176
Author(s):  
Y.G. Storchak ◽  
Y.V. Kisera
Keyword(s):  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Prophylactic Drug ◽  
Preventive Drug ◽  
Immunobiological Reactivity ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

There are results of the histological research of the immune system organs of rabbits after injection with a prophylactic drug «Pneumo-Pro», which includes two components: Streptococcus pneumoniae and 4% ethanol-water extract of propolis. Tentative reseaches on the development of preventive drug «Pneumo-Pro» showed enhancement of post-vaccination immunity in the application on the basis of propolis preparations. Histological reseaches of the diverticulum of the ileum and appendix found a significant amount of lymphoblasts, frequently visualized mitosis of lymphocytes in the center of submucosal lymphoid nodules is. Large, medium and small lymphocytes, macrophages are located in the dome of submucosal lymphoid nodules. The crown of the lymphoid nodules contains mainly lymphocytes of different maturity. Necrotic cells are rare. There is increase the amount of volume crowded lymphoid nodules in the lamina propria and submucosa in compare with the control group. Most of lymphoid nodules are located under the crypts, only a few of them are in contact with the intestinal lumen. Histological reseaches of the appendix of the experimental group of animals injected with «Pneumo-Pro» found B-lymphocytes, macrophages and interdigitive cells  are located in the periphery of the lymphoblasts. Quite often mitosis of lymphoid cells are visualized. Some lymphocytes are exposed with necrotic changes, resulting in small intervals are present between lymphoid elements. The peripheral part of the lymphoid nodules and interfollicular zone contain a significant number of T-lymphocytes. Crypts are placed above the top of many follicles. In the lamina propria and submucosa of the appendix there are numerous, voluminous accumulations of lymphoid tissue, which form the clusters of submucosal lymphoid nodules. The reseaches indicate an increase in the functional activity of nonspecific factors of resistance and immunobiological reactivity of organism of animals after injection with a prophylactic drug «Pneumo-Pro».

scholarly journals Content and location of lymphocyte subpopulations with markers CD4+, CD8+ and CD20+ in the esophageal tonsil of chickens and the Meckel diverticulum of ducks

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 396-402
Author(s):  
V. Т. Khomich ◽  
N. V. Dyshliuk ◽  
T. A. Mazurkevych ◽  
S. V. Guralskа ◽  
S. І. Usenko
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Meckel’S Diverticulum ◽  
Lymphocyte Subpopulations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Meckel's Diverticulum ◽  
Meckel Diverticulum ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Educational Work ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

Immune formations of birds' digestive organs, including the esophageal tonsil and Meckel’s diverticulum, protect the body from foreign antigens that enter the body with food and water and play an important role in maintaining the genetic constancy of its internal environment. This unique property of the immune system is formed during ontogenesis and is associated with maintaining the selection of lymphocyte clones that are able to respond to foreign antigens and carry out a specific immune response of two types: humoral and cellular. This article presents the results of a study of T- and B-lymphocyte subpopulations of the esophageal tonsil of Shever 579 cross chickens at the age of 25, 180 and 300 days, the Meckel diverticulum of the Blagovarsky cross ducks at the age of 30, 150 and 180 days. Immunohistochemical and statistical research methods were used to determine the localization and quantitative parameters of cell populations of lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, CD20+) using monoclonal antibodies and the DAKO EnVision FLEX+ imaging system (Dako Cytomation, Denmark). Separate subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD4+ - helpers, CD8+ -cytotoxic / T-suppressors) and mature B-lymphocytes (CD20+) were found in the esophageal tonsil and Meckel diverticulum of birds. Their presence confirms that antigen-independent proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes into effector cells occur in the immune formations of the digestive system. The lymphoid tissue of these formations is represented mainly by a well-defined diffuse form and nodules with light centers (secondary). In the esophageal tonsil of chickens, these structures are located in the tunica mucosa and tela submucosa, and in the Meckel diverticulum of ducks – also in the tunica muscularis. The content of lymphocytes with these markers predominates in diffuse lymphoid tissue compared to that in secondary lymphoid nodules. In the diffuse lymphoid tissue of the esophageal tonsil, lymphocytes are located mainly near the adenomeres and excretory ducts of the esophageal glands, blood vessels, and under the surface epithelium, and in Meckel’s diverticulum – around the crypts, in their epithelium and in the epithelium of the villi. They are also found in the light centers of lymphoid nodules and on their periphery. The indices of the content of lymphocytes with the indicated markers in the esophageal tonsil and Meckel diverticulum which we determined were associated with age characteristics of the poultry in the postnatal period of ontogenesis. According to our observations, the content of CD20+ lymphocytes was the highest, while the populations of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes were much smaller. This indicates an increase in the activity and predominance of the humoral immunity over the cellular one. The content of CD20+ lymphocytes was highest in birds at the age of 180 days, that is, during their sexual maturity. The data presented in the work can be used by morphologists researching the organs of the immune system, immunologists, poultry specialists involved in breeding, using and raising poultry and in educational work.

scholarly journals MATERIAL FROM LYMPH NODES

1929 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude E. Forkner
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Significant Degree ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Mesenteric Mass

1. Lymph nodes from all parts of the body have been studied in a series of 58 rabbits. All of these studies have been on normal animals or on animals in which there were no specific pathologic lesions of the lymph nodes. 2. The supravital method of studying living cells has been employed together with the method of fixed sections. A correlation of the findings with these two methods is made. 3. Lymph nodes from different parts of the body possess marked differences in their cytology. 4. Developing monocytes have been found as normal constituents of all the lymph nodes of the rabbit except the mesenteric mass lying in the mesentery at the lower border of the stomach. When present the monocytes occur in varying numbers being most abundant in the more superficial nodes, particularly in the popliteal group, where they may constitute one-third to one-half of the total cells present. 5. The position of the developing monocytes in the lymph node is believed to be chiefly in the perifollicular area without definite relationship to the lymph sinuses. In some instances they are also found in the follicle itself or scattered in the medullary area. More accurate knowledge on this point must await further study. 6. During the first hours of life the monocytes are present in the lymph nodes in the same relationship as in the adult animal. 7. The monocytes are not normally present in the efferent lymphatics draining the popliteal nodes and are not normally present in the thoracic duct. It is suggested that the monocytes being extravascular in origin, enter the blood stream by means of their own motility in much the same manner as the granular leucocytes gain admission to the circulating blood. Unequivocal proof of this point can be obtained only by further investigation. 8. Many of the lymphoid cells of the lymph nodes have shown a definite division of cytoplasm into ectoplasm and endoplasm. The mitochondria and neutral red bodies are sharply limited to the less basophilic endoplasm. 9. Eosinophils are found in great numbers in the mediastinal lymph nodes and are less numerous in the mesenteric and superficial nodes. 10. Clasmatocytes are found in great numbers in the mesenteric lymph nodes where they are concentrated particularly in the medullary areas. They are also present in the spleen. They are much less numerous in other lymphoid tissue. 11. Several cell types not previously described are found to be normal constituents of a large percentage of normal rabbit lymph nodes. 12. Primitive cells are found throughout the lymphoid tissue, but are in greater numbers in the area of the germ center of the follicle. 13. No evidence of erythropoiesis could be found in normal lymph nodes. 14. The spleen and bone marrow in this series of animals have not been normally concerned to any significant degree in the formation and development of monocytes. 15. Further experiments are necessary to demonstrate conclusively whether or not the lymph nodes, other than the mesenteric group, are normally the exclusive source of the monocytes of blood.

Development and Organization of the Secondary and Tertiary Lymphoid Organs: Influence of Microbial and Food Antigens

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Food Antigens

Background:Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) are distributed in many districts of the body and, especially, lymph nodes, spleen and gut-associated lymphoid tissue are the main cellular sites. On the other hand, tertiary lymphoid organs (TLO) are formed in response to inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune and neoplastic events. </P><P> Developmental Studies: In the present review, emphasis will be placed on the developmental differences of SLO and TLO between small intestine and colon and on the role played by various chemokines and cell receptors. Undoubtedly, microbiota is indispensable for the formation of SLO and its absence leads to their poor formation, thus indicating its strict interaction with immune and non immune host cells. Furthermore, food antigens (for example, tryptophan derivatives, flavonoids and byphenils) bind the aryl hydrocarbon receptor on innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), thus promoting the development of postnatal lymphoid tissues. Also retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, contributes to SLO development during embryogenesis. Vitamin A deficiency seems to account for reduction of ILCs and scarce formation of solitary lymphoid tissue. </P><P> Translational Studies: The role of lymphoid organs with special reference to intestinal TLO in the course of experimental and human disease will also be discussed. </P><P> Future Perspectives: Finally, a new methodology, the so-called “gut-in-a dish”, which has facilitated the in vitro interaction study between microbe and intestinal immune cells, will be described.

scholarly journals Lymphoid tissue pattern in the walls of small and large intestines in American mink (Neovison vison)

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156
Author(s):  
A. B. Panfilov ◽  
I. V. Pestova
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
American Mink ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neovison Vison ◽  
Colonic Wall ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Colon And Rectum ◽  
Lymphoid Nodules

When breeding minks, a lot of problems are associated with disturbances of reproduction, birth of weak offspring, metabolic disorders, weakening of immunity. Poor knowledge of the morphology of mink and lack of detailed information about their immune system is among appropriate reasons. The largest variety of antigens enter the body with food and water, through the wall of gastrointestinal tract. The first barrier to their penetration is lymphoid tissue associated with mucous membranes, thus causing changes in immune structures. Our purpose was to study the syntopia, morphology and quantitative characteristics of intestine-associated lymphoid tissue in American mink (Neovison vison). A biomaterial for the study was organocomplex of the small and large intestines from 11 American Minks at the age of 8 months, obtained from the fur farm “Vyatka” (Zonikha, Slobodsky district, Kirov region). In the walls of small and large intestines, both single and grouped lymphoid nodules are found. Single lymphoid nodules are detected in lamina propria of the mucous membrane and in the submucosa, along the entire length of the intestines, except of the ileum. Lymphoid nodules are round or oval, distributed diffusely, their density per 1 cm2 is in duodenum – 0.62±0.08; in jejunum – 1.88±0.32; in colon – 9.21±0.28; in rectum – 24.2±0.42. At the border of pyloric part between the stomach and duodenum, single lymphoid nodules form an intestinal-pyloric lymphoid ring; at the site of transition from rectum to the anal sphincter, the rectal lymphoid ring is observed. Abundance of lymphoid nodules in rectal area is associated with semi-voluntary management of animals, and retention of fecal mass in this part of intestine. By two lymphoid plaques are found in the duodenum; 6 to13, in the jejunum; one large striped (lingual) lymphoid plaque is found in the ileal wall; 1 to 3 plaques are found in the colonic wall. Presence of lymphoid plaques in colonic wall of American mink should be considered a protective/adaptive phenomenon, due to absence of coecum in the animals from Mustelid family. The revealed patterns of lymphoid tissue syntopia in American mink are associated with antigenicity of food substances and terms of their presence in the ileum, colon and rectum.

scholarly journals Combinations of mycotoxins in feed and their accumulation in internal organs of broiler chickens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu.D. Drobin ◽  
N.A. Soldatenko ◽  
E.А. Bokun
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Protein Product ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Broiler Meat

The issue of safety of production and processing of agricultural raw materials for obtaining quality food is becoming more and more topical. Of particular concern in most countries of the world is the contamination with mycotoxins of plant and livestock products. Plant food is contaminated as a result of pathogenic fungi growth, and livestock due to the accumulation of toxins in the body. They enter the human food chain continuously dire0ctly with cereals, seeds, spices, fruit, drinks and other plant products, as well as directly through food obtained from animals and birds that have consumed feed contaminated with mycotoxins. The real threat from mycotoxins can be extremely high, as they accumulate in the tissues and internal organs of animals and birds, and the consumption of broiler meat is increasing every year, being a more accessible protein product. Because of the small molecular weight of mycotoxins, the body does not produce antibodies to them, thus no immunity occurs, so warm-blooded animals and humans remain sensitive to them throughout life. The aim of our investigation (research) was: 1 - to determine the effect of fodder contaminated with a combined group of mycotoxins (Fumonizin B1, Zearalenone, DON and T-2 toxin) exceeding the maximum allowable concentration on growth and development of young chickens. 2-determine histological changes in the structures of internal organs (liver and kidney), which are directly related to the general health of broiler chickens. Under the influence of mycotoxins the liver is subjected to dystrophic changes. It increases in volume, changes the structure of the liver becoming brittle or friable, the color becomes pale or filled with blood. Sinusoidal capillaries are filled with blood, perivascular infiltration with round cellular elements in the area of triads. Granulomas - clusters of lymphoid cells appear in thickness of lobules. Among lymphoid cells a large number of hepatocytes in a state of hyaline-droplet dystrophy and in a state of necrosis. In the kidneys cause edema in the middle part of the cortical substance, due to which, subcapsular renal corpuscles are pushed back to the kidney capsule and capillaries overflow with blood. Vascular glomeruli thickening decrease in size and go into a state of disintegration of loops. In the convoluted tubules, some cells are in a state of hyaline-capillary dystrophy, some - in a state of necrosis, resulting in violation of the architectonics of the tubule, subcapsular hemorrhages appear. Causes venous hyperemia.

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