scholarly journals ВПЛИВ УМОВ ЗБЕРІГАННЯ НА ПОЖИВНІСТЬ СУХИХ КОРМІВ ДЛЯ НЕПРОДУКТИВНИХ ТВАРИН

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(70)) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
I. Beloshitskа
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Enzymatic Catalysis ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Microbial Lipases

Stability in storage of dry feed and of their storage duration without appreciably reducing the nutritional value depends not only on the environmental factors, but also on the formulation and production technology. Humidity, temperature contribute to the development of microorganisms that consume energy and nutrients for the development, resulting in reduced energy content therein and crude protein. Manufacturers of dry pet food to ensure feed quality and slowing deterioration and development of microbial flora of added preservatives and antioxidants of different origin, which break the chain of oxidation. The introduction of inhibitors in an amount of 0.01% fat oxidation resistance increases 10...15 times.The performed investigations have established that during storage of dry pet food in a variety of storage conditions reduced the content of crude protein, crude fat and increased humidity, despite the conservation of feed. The greatest damage to the nutrients mentioned for the «summer conditions» storage in dry pet food which preserved natural ingredients, which is explained by the most intensive development of microflora in these conditions, and the oxidation of fat under the influence of high temperature and humidity. The best preserved nutrients in dry feed with a chemical preservative for «winter conditions», which are characterized by low temperature. It is seen from the results of studies that the rate of hydrolysis and the depth depends on the temperature and the antioxidant origin: enzymatic catalysis accelerated at 29.8 °C («summer» conditions), reducing the temperature (12 °C) slows down the hydrolysis process (the period of «autumn – spring»), but even at 4.5 ° with the enzymatic activity of microbial lipases shown, but to a lesser degree («winter»).Thus, the main causes of spoilage of feed – high temperature (about 30 °C) and high humidity (60 –70%) to facilitate activation of oxidative processes and the development of the microflora, and the duration of storage, even under favorable conditions, depending on the origin of a preservative. Therefore, it is recommended to store this food in a dry, cool place, preferably dark place. 

Effect of copper source on phytase stability in the premix of weanling piglets

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Lu ◽  
Shoufeng Hao ◽  
Liyang Zhang ◽  
Xugang Luo
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Weanling Piglets ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Effect Of Copper

An in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tribasic copper (Cu) chloride [TBCC, Cu2(OH)3Cl] on phytase stability in the premix of weanling piglets at different temperatures in comparison with Cu sulfate. The 225-kg 1% premixes were supplemented with phytase at 50 000 PU/kg and divided into three parts of 75 kg each. One part was supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg as Cu sulfate (the control), and the other two parts were supplemented with 250 mg Cu/kg either as TBCC or as Cu sulfate. Either 6 or 250 mg Cu/kg is based on the complete diet of weanling piglets. The three premixes were stored at room temperature (20−25°C), natural high temperature (28−36°C), or artificial high temperature (38 ± 2°C) for 0, 10, 20, 30, or 40 days. Copper source, storage temperature and duration of storage, the interaction between Cu source and duration of storage, and the interaction between temperature and duration of storage affected (P < 0.01) phytase activities in the 1% premixes. Phytase activities in the premixes supplemented with TBCC were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than those in the premixes supplemented with CuSO4 at 10 or 20 days of storage. Phytase activities in premixes decreased (P < 0.001) exponentially with duration of storage regardless of Cu source or storage temperature. When the premixes were stored at different duration of storage, phytase activities in the premixes decreased (P < 0.001) linearly as temperature increased. The results from this study indicate that TBCC could maintain the stability of phytase in the piglet premix much more effectively than Cu sulfate regardless of temperature and storage duration.

Effects of graded inclusion levels of raw garbanzo beans on apparent total tract digestibility, fecal quality, and fecal fermentative end-products and microbiota in extruded feline diets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Fei He ◽  
Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas ◽  
Bruce R Southey ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
End Products ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Inclusion Level

Abstract Garbanzo beans (GB; Cicer arietinum) are a readily available pulse crop that have gained popularity as a plant-based protein source in the pet food industry. However, raw GB contain anti-nutritional factors that can reduce digestibility and cause digestive upsets in pets that are undesirable to owners. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the inclusion of raw or cooked GB in extruded feline diets on macronutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tolerance, and fermentative end-products in cats. Five diets were formulated to contain raw GB at 0, 7.5, 15, or 30% or cooked GB at 30%. Ten adult, male cats (mean age: 1.0 ± 0.0 yr, mean BW: 4.7 ± 0.4 kg) were used in a replicated 5x5 Latin square design. Each period consisted of 14 d, with 10 d of diet adaptation followed by 4 d of total fecal and urine collection. At the end of each period, 4 mL of blood were collected and analyzed for a serum chemistry and complete blood count to ensure all animals remained healthy throughout the study. Cats were fed twice daily and food intake was calculated to maintain body weight. Food intake was highest (P &lt; 0.05) for cats fed 0% raw GB (72.2 g/d, DMB) compared with GB inclusions of 7.5% or greater (average 70.3 g/d, DMB). Dry matter and organic matter apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) were lowest (P &lt; 0.05) for cats consuming the 30% cooked GB diet (77.3% and 81.7%, respectively). Cats fed 7.5% raw GB had greater (P &lt; 0.05) crude protein ATTD (86.2%) than cats fed 15% raw GB (82.3%) or 30% cooked GB (81.6%). Total short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were highest (P &lt; 0.05) for 30% cooked GB at 682 μmol/g but not different (P &gt; 0.05) than 15% GB (528 μmol/g) or 30% raw GB (591 μmol/g) diets. In terms of fecal microbial abundance, the predominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, and Actinobacteria. Cats fed the 0% GB diet had a greater relative abundance of Firmicutes (62.1%) and Fusobacteria (4.0%) than the remaining diets (average 54% and 1.6%, respectively). In conclusion, all inclusion levels of raw GB resulted in high digestibility (average &gt; 80%) and ideal fecal scores (average 2.9), demonstrating their adequacy as a protein source in feline diets up to a 30% inclusion level.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary crude protein and energy content on nitrogen utilisation, water intake and urinary output in growing pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Hilkka Siljander-Rasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Urinary Output ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein

A digestibility and balance trial was carried out with four intact castrated male pigs (live weight 33-82 kg) to study the effects of dietary crude protein and energy content on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, water intake and urinary output. In a 4 x 4 Latin square design, four barley-oats-soya bean meal based diets were arranged 2x2 factorially. The corresponding factors were dietary crude protein (CP) content: high (180 g/kg CP) or low protein diet (140 g/kg CP) supplemented with free lysine, methionine and threonine; and dietary net energy content; high (1.05 feed units (FU)/kg) (feed unit=9.3 MJ net energy) or low net energy content (0.95 FU/kg). Lowering dietary CP content (mean values of 189 to 152 g/kg dry matter, respectively) by supplementation of free amino acids decreased urinary nitrogen (N) excretion by 6.9 g/day (32%) (P

scholarly journals BREAKING STRENGTH BENANG PA MULTIFILAMEN 210D/6 PADA PENYIMPANAN DI RUANG TERBUKA

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Mokhamad Dahri Iskandar ◽  
Andhika Prima Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Breaking Strength ◽  
Storage Duration ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
Post Hoc

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkuantifikasikan pengaruh lama penyimpanan dan pengaruh perendaman dengan cairan berupa solar, oli, dan ter terhadap penurunan nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide 210 D/6. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kekuatan putus benang jaring semakin menurun setelah mengalami penyimpanan di ruang terbuka selama satu bulan (bulan ke satu) menjadi 5,8657 kgf dari 7,2903 kgf pada awal penyimpanan (bulan ke nol). Penurunan tersebut terus berlanjut sampai bulan keenam. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa lama penyimpanan secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap nilai kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide pada ruang terbuka (P<0,05). Kekuatan putus benang Polyamide yang direndam pada cairan perendam berupa oli, solar, dan ter secara keseluruhan mengalami penurunan. Penurunan kekuatan putus terbesar dialami oleh benang yang direndam dengan solar dengan derajat penurunan kekuatan putus mencapai 30%. Hasil analisis ragam (ANOVA) dengan taraf uji 5% (α=5%) menunjukan bahwa cairan perendam secara signifikan berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan putus (breaking strength) benang polyamide (P<0,05). Hasil uji lanjutan BNT menunjukan bahwa nilai kekuatan putus benang polyamide yang diberi pelakuan cairan perendam solar, oli, dan ter berbeda nyata terhadap benang kontrol (P<0,05). The objective of this experiment was to quantify the effect of storage duration and immersed liquid such as diesel fuel, lubricant and tar on the breaking strength of polyamide of 210 D/6. Results of experiment revealed that breaking strength of twine decrease after first month out door storage to be 5,8657 kgf from 7,2903 kgf in begining of storage. Decreasing of twine continued until sixth month of storage. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that length duration of storage for polyamide twine significantly different to the breaking strength. Breaking strength of polyamide twine which immersed in the lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar generally decreased. The biggest reduction of breaking strength occurred for twine immersed in the fuel diesel with reduction level until 30 %. Analyses of variances of 5% significance level indicated that immersed liquid significantly affected breaking strength of polyamide twine. Post Hoc test of LSD also indicated that breaking strength of polyamide twine significantly different (P<0,05) between lubricant, fuel diesel, and tar toward control twine

The effect of offering diets with a reduced crude protein and digestible energy content on the retention and excretion of nitrogen by pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
P.A. Lee ◽  
R.M. Kay
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
The Cost

Manipulation of dietary nitrogen content can reduce nitrogen excretion (NE) by the pig by 40 per cent (Kay and Lee, 1995), which has major implications for pollution legislation. Past work (Kay and Lee, 1996) has shown that whilst reduced crude protein (CP) diets reduce NE whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR), there is also an increase in backfat depth at slaughter. This suggests an ‘energy sparing’ effect from the lower levels of excess amino acids which might be exploited to lower the cost of the reduced CP diets. The objective of this experiment was to determine the NR and NE of growing and finishing pigs offered diets with reduced CP and Digestible Energy (DE) contents compared with commercial diets or diets with reduced CP content only.

The Effect of Various UHT Processing Parameters and Storage Conditions on the Saturated Aldehydes In Half-and-Half Cream

1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.K. HUTCHENS ◽  
A.P. HANSEN
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Steam Injection ◽  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Tetra Pak ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Ultra High Temperature

Raw cream was standardized to 10% fat and processed by ultra-high-temperature (UHT) steam injection at 149°C for 20 s, 149°C for 3.4 s, 138°C for 20 s, and 143°C for 7 s, then aseptically packaged by a Tetra Pak AB3-250 filler. Packages were stored for 12 months at 24°C and analyzed at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Fat-soluble carbonyls were extracted from the UHT cream with carbonyl-free hexanes and converted to their 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone derivatives. Alkanal hydrazones were separated by column chromatography into pure fractions. Spectrophotometry and gas chromatography were used to identify the alkanals. Butanal, hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and decanal were identified and found to decrease in concentration during storage.

The effects of diets with reduced crude protein and digestible energy content on the performance of growing and finishing pigs and the characteristics of slurry produced

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 24-24
Author(s):  
P A Lee ◽  
A Armsby
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Protein Diets

Formulating diets to match more closely the requirements of the pig for amino acids results in diets which are lower in crude protein (CP) than conventional commercial diets. The lower intake of nitrogen (N) which is concomitant with these diets results on lower N excretion. The excretion of excess N requires energy and previous nutrient balance work undertaken at Terrington (Lee and Kay, 1998) indicated that the ‘energy sparing’ effect of the reduced crude protein diets can be utilised by reducing the digestible energy (DE) content of reduced CP diets whilst at the same time maintaining the level of N retention. The objective of this work was to determine the performance carcass characteristics and slurry characteristics of growing/finishing pigs given reduced CP/DE diets.

Effect of feeding level and dietary protein content on the growth, body composition and rate of protein deposition in pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Campbell ◽  
M. R. Taverner ◽  
D. M. Curic
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

ABSTRACT1. Eight diets of similar energy content, ranging in crude protein concentration from 95 to 256 g/kg, were given at either 2·5 or 3·2 times the energy level for maintenance to entire male pigs growing from 45 to 90 kg live weight.2. Growth rate improved with increase in feeding level and with increasing dietary crude protein up to 164 g/kg (P < 0·05). The food conversion ratio improved with each increase in dietary CP up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05). It was also improved with increase in level of feeding of the lower-protein diets but deteriorated with increase in level of intake of the higher-protein diets (P < 005).3. Rate of protein deposition improved with increasing dietary crude protein up to 186 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 005). The results showed that, for pigs given diets deficient in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was linearly related to protein intake (P < 0·001) but independent of energy intake. For pigs given a diet adequate in crude protein, rate of protein deposition was related to energy intake and independent of crude protein intake.4. Body fat content at 90 kg decreased with increasing dietary crude protein up to 210 and 164 g/kg on the lower and higher feeding treatments, respectively (P < 0·05), and was increased by raising the level of intake of the higher-crude protein diets (P < 0·05). However, the influence of feeding level on body fat diminished as dietary crude protein was reduced.

Effect of centre of production, maturity and storage treatment of seed tubers on the growth of early potatoes: I. Sprout development in storage

1969 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. B. Goodwin ◽  
A. Brown ◽  
J. H. Lennard ◽  
F. L. Milthorpe
Keyword(s):  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Seed Tubers ◽  
Storage Treatment ◽  
Sprout Length ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
And Storage

SUMMARYThe effect of three centres of production, two times of lifting and two post-harvest treatments of apparently virus-free seed tubers on sprout development at planting was studied over two seasons. Sprout length and degree of development were determined mainly by the light and temperature conditions during storage. Under similar storage conditions tubers from the most southern region, lifted early and allowed to sprout from lifting produced longer sprouts than those from the more northerly regions, lifted late and sprouted from midwinter. At planting all tubers had sprouts longer than 2·5 cm. Desprouted tubers from the more southern regions had the highest number of sprouts at planting and tubers 'greened' immediately on lifting had the least.An index of sprout development at planting was defined. The conditions and duration of storage had most influence on the degree of development as measured by this index; sprouts were most developed on tubers sprouted over a long period and on those sprouted in a heated glasshouse. The effects of varying centres of production and times of lifting on sprout development at planting were small compared with those readily produced by varying the storage conditions.

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