scholarly journals Converted Jews

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Mykola Bulanyi
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Scientific Paper ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
New Historicism ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Historical Biography ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
The Russian Empire

The aim of the scientific paper to reconstruct the life strategies of the father of the famous figure of the Great Reform era M. Posen, as well as to attempt to study the little-known early stage of his biography. Research methods: biographical, reconstruction, hermeneutics, intertextual analysis, comparative studies, systemic-structural, conceptual method of M. Epstein, etc. Main results. Thanks to the use of a number of approaches, it was possible to reach broader issues, such as the reconstruction of the identity of two generations of the Posens, identification strategies for their entry into the imperial society and determination of the position and opportunities of converted Jews in the era of Alexander I. Thus, the principle of new historicism made it possible to analyze texts in their primary context, which in turn made it possible to investigate Posen’s attitude to texts, which was reflected in his project for changes in censorship. The systematic principle made it possible to reflect on the whole the process of development of the institution of censorship in the Russian Empire and the role of converted Jews in it on the M. Posen’s example. The study of legislative acts was carried out using the historical-juridical analysis and A. Etkind’s philosophy of reconstruction, which made it possible to inscribe the Posens’ history to the historical and cultural context of the era. Thanks to scientific tools and the involvement of previously unknown sources, it became possible to clarify the main milestones of M. Posen’s early biography, while he working in various departments, as well as possible reasons for career growth in the context of the Alexander era. Practical significance: the accomplished developments can be used in the future to create generalizing works on historical biography, Jewish study, interethnic history, social history, etc. Scientific novelty: for the first time, attempts were made to reconstruct the biography of M. Posen’s father based on the initial materials and the activities of the first generations of the Posens in Russia Empire. Type of article: analytical.

scholarly journals O. O. Bobrynskyi and the State Duma: views and activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Nataliia Chernikova ◽  
Iryna Karpan
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
The Political ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right

The purpose of the article is to reveal to reveal directions of O. O. Bobrynskyi’s socio- political and state activity in 1905–1911. Research methods: historical-genetic, historical-comparative, descriptive, historical-typological, system-structural. Main results. O. Bobrynskyi belonged to the famous noble family of landowners, owners of sugar factories of the Russian Empire. Therefore, he actively defended the interests of the nobility and autocracy. He believed that the consolidation of the nobility was necessary to maintain its dominant position in the state, especially after the revolutionary events of 1905. His practical steps to establish the organizational centers of the conservative nobility, its politicization and participation in the processes of state formation are revealed. The attention is focused on the role of O. Bobrynskyi in the development of organizational and ideological foundations, ensuring the practical activity of the United Nobility as a leading force in the political mechanism of Russia at that time. O. Bobrynskyi made the United Nobility congresses look like a parliament, which formed views of the conservative nobility on current state problems. As a result, their agrarian and electoral reform projects have largely become the basis of government reform. Thus, the nobility was able to form a majority in the Duma of the 3rd convocation, and O. Bobrynskyi became a deputy too. The nature and content his parliamentary activity, legislative initiatives and efforts to establish a regime of cooperation and partnership in the State Duma are revealed. The dynamics of changes in the tactics, forms and methods of political struggle were monitored. O. Bobrynskyi constantly tried to strike the optimal political balance between the right parties of the Duma to support the political platform developed at the meetings of the United Nobility. Much attention is paid to the analysis of the content and character of O. Bobrynskyi’s speech, the essential features, specifics, the evolution of his political platform, realized during his political career. Practical significance. Possibility of using the obtained results for writing monographs, general researches, textbooks and manuals dedicated to the Russian history, history of socio-political organizations, parties and movements, representative and state institutions, political elite of the Russian Empire; for creating and teaching normative and special courses in Russian history, political and social history at universities, colleges etc. Scientific novelty. O. O. Bobrynskyi’s steps to create the optimal political balance between the right-wing Duma parties in order to lobby the United Nobility political platform are outlined. The dynamics of changes in the tactics, forms and methods of his political struggle were monitored. Article type: explanation.

A New Step in the Study of the History of the Russian Prosecutor’s Office

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-98
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University

The paper is a review on the textbook by A. V. Yeremin, «The History of the National Prosecutor’s office» and the anthology «The Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Empire in the Documents of 1722–1917» (authors: V. V. Lavrov, A. V. Eremin, edited by N. M. Ivanov) published at the St. Petersburg Law Institute (branch) of the University of the Prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation in 2018. The reviewers emphasize the high relevance and high level of research, their theoretical and practical significance. The textbook and the anthology will help the students increase their legal awareness, expand their horizons.

Unknown Documents of 1734 About Swedish Citizens Taken Into Serfdom

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Serhii I. Degtyarev ◽  
Violetta S. Molchanova
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Handwritten Documents ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

This work is devoted to the publication and analysis of two previously unknown handwritten documents of 1734. These documents contain information on several persons of Swedish nationality, which were illegally taken out by the Russian nobleman I. Popov during the Northern War from the territory of Sweden. Materials are stored in the State Archives of the Sumy region. They are part of the archival case of Okhtyrka District Court, but they are not thematically connected with it. These documents were once part of a much larger complex of materials. They refer to the request of former Swedish nationals to release them from serfdom from the Belgorod and Kursk landlords Popov and Dolgintsev. The further fate of these people remained unknown. But it is known that they were mistreated by their masters. Russian legislation at the time prohibited such treatment of persons of Swedish nationality. This was discussed in terms of the peace agreement Nishtadskoyi 1721. The two documents revealed illustrate the episodes of the lives of several foreigners who were captured. The analyzed materials give an opportunity to look at a historical phenomenon like a serfdom in the territory of the Russian Empire under a new angle. They allow us to study one of the ways to replenish the serfs. Documents can also be used as a source for the study of some aspects of social history, in biographical studies. The authors noted that the conversion to the property of the enslaved people of other nationalities was a very common practice in the XVII-XIX centuries. This source of replenishment of the dependent population groups were popular in many nations in Europe, Asia and Africa since ancient times. For example, in the Crimean Khanate, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, the nations of the Caucasus and many others. Кeywords: Sweden, Russian Empire, historical source, documents, Russo-Swedish War, Nistadt Treaty, Viborg, Swedish citizens, enslavement, serfdom.

Pictorial Debates: The Tatar Satirical Journal Yalt-Yolt and Muslim Modernity Discourses, 1906-1917

Experiment ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-181
Author(s):  
Azade-Ayse Rorlich
Keyword(s):  
Public Sphere ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Russian Empire

Abstract The Great Reform era in Russia, as well as the modernist movements in the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim lands represent the background against which the Muslims of the Russian Empire engaged in the scrutiny of the reasons behind the backwardness of their societies and began advocating the compatibility of Islam with modernity. After 1906, the Muslim press became the most important instrument in the creation of the public sphere where issues of tradition and modernity were debated. This essay focuses on the Tatar satirical journal Yalt-Yolt to explore its contribution to the critique of the old Muslim mentalité, as well as its role as an instrument of modernity.

scholarly journals Identification and Quantification of Node Criticality through EWM–TOPSIS: A Study of Hong Kong’s MTR System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
S. Thomas Ng
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Network Robustness ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Topsis Method ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Network Efficiency ◽  
Entropy Weight

AbstractPublic transport networks (PTNs) are critical in populated and rapidly densifying cities such as Hong Kong, Beijing, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Tokyo. Public transportation plays an indispensable role in urban resilience with an integrated, complex, and dynamically changeable network structure. Consequently, identifying and quantifying node criticality in complex PTNs is of great practical significance to improve network robustness from damage. Despite the proposition of various node criticality criteria to address this problem, few succeeded in more comprehensive aspects. Therefore, this paper presents an efficient and thorough ranking method, that is, entropy weight method (EWM)–technology for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), named EWM–TOPSIS, to evaluate node criticality by taking into account various node features in complex networks. Then we demonstrate it on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) in Hong Kong by removing and recovering the top k critical nodes in descending order to compare the effectiveness of degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC), closeness centrality (CC), and the proposed EWM–TOPSIS method. Four evaluation indicators, that is, the frequency of nodes with the same ranking (F), the global network efficiency (E), the size of the largest connected component (LCC), and the average path length (APL), are computed to compare the performance of the four methods and measure network robustness under different designed attack and recovery strategies. The results demonstrate that the EWM–TOPSIS method has more obvious advantages than the others, especially in the early stage.

scholarly journals To the question on the origins of regional cultural policy of Yakutia (XVIII – early XX centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Andrian Afanasievich Borisov ◽  
Tat'yana Vladimirovna Pavlova-Borisova
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Service Class ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Cultural Processes ◽  
Regional Community ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Traditional Cultures ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article is firs to discuss an early stage of origination of the regional cultural policy of Yakutia in the Russian Empire of the XVIII – early XX centuries. Emphasis is made on the regional community: the representatives of traditional cultures – peoples of Yakutia and representatives of Russian culture (service class, government officials, taxed estates). The subject of this research is the historical prerequisites of such policy in the region, as well as the government structures that realized its key trends. The research is carried out in the all-Russian context, namely the context of transformations that took place during the Governorate Reform of 1775, as well as further evolution of the local administrative authorities that carried out cultural policy in the region. The questions is raised on the dynamic development of cultural processes in this suburb of the Empire, where the traditional cultures influencing the representatives of Russian provincial community, simultaneously became familiarized with the cultural trends from Russia. Despite the previous perceptions on the cultural backwardness of Yakutia as an imperial suburb, the conclusion is made on the relatively successful actions of imperial authorities in this field.

scholarly journals ESTATES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENITENTIARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1864–1914)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Victoria Vengerska ◽  
Oleksandr Zhukovskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Maksymov
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Institutions

Right-bank Ukraine became part of the Russian Empire after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The integration of these territories into the new administrative, economic and cultural space caused certain difficulties. In the first half of the 19th century, the region had the highest percentage of peasant serfs and the elements and institutions of the non-existent state (including the courts) still existed and kept functioning. The defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856 imposed on the Russian Empire the need for radical reforms in all spheres of life. The wave-like periods of cooperation-confrontation between the Russian authorities and the local nobility brought about regional provisions in virtually all the reforms, launched by the peasant reform of 1861. The judicial reform and the emergence of new institutions and practices had to resolve existing problems, disputes, and punish criminals legally. The social estate (stanovy) character of the society was reflected in the establishment and activities of the volost courts, as the lower courts. The district courts were a completely novel phenomenon in the legal culture; their functioning was ensured by professional lawyers on the basis of new judicial statutes. The purpose of this article is to consider the court practices and functioning of penitentiary establishments in Right-Bank Ukraine (on the example of Volyn province) under implementation of the judicial reform through the prism of social and estate factors, based on the cases of the Zhytomyr District Court and the reports of the heads of local prisons. The methodology of the research includes the tools of social history and the so-called "new imperial history" that have helped to trace the adaptation of new legal practices to the socio-ethnic peculiarities of Right Bank Ukraine. The methods of history of everyday life and history of reading have been employed to consider the under-researched component of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire, namely the libraries and their funds. This component should be attributed to the novelty of the suggested research findings. Conclusions. Estate privileges were maintained in the Russian Empire throughout the "long 19th century". Belonging to a higher social status practically made the Polish nobles equal in the rights with the imperial officials, endowed with power. During court decisions and sentencing, an ethnic criterion was not taken into consideration or had secondary significance. Many years of placing the peasants outside the legal field developed a steady arrogant attitude of the power-holders towards the representatives of this social estate. Though the peasants dominated in the social structure of the Empire population, they remained the most prevalent class. Since the early 20th century, some shifts in perception and attitudes towards peasantry were observed.

scholarly journals Active learning of medical students in Taiwan: A realist evaluation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Da Huang ◽  
Hsu-Min Tseng ◽  
Chang-Chyi Jenq ◽  
Liang-Shiou Ou
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Active Learning ◽  
Professional Identity ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Realist Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Process Models

Abstract Background: Active learning is defined as any instructional method that engages students in the learning process. Cultural differences in learning patterns can play an important role in engagement with active learning. We aimed to examine process models of active learning to understand what works, for whom and why. Methods: Forty-eight sixth- and seventh-year medical students with experience of active learning methods were purposively selected to participate in ten group interviews. Interactions around active learning were analysed using a realist evaluation framework to unpack the ‘context-mechanism-outcome’ (CMO) configurations. Results: Three core CMO configurations, including cultural, training and individual domains, were identified. In the cultural context of a strong hierarchical culture, the mechanisms of fear prompted students to be silent (outcome) and dare not give their opinions. In the training context of teacher-student familiarity alongside teachers’ guidance, the mechanisms of learning motivation, self-regulation and enthusiasm were triggered, prompting positive learning outcomes and competencies (outcome). In the individual context of learning how to learn actively at an early stage within the medical learning environment, the mechanisms of internalisation, professional identity and stress resulted in recognising active learning and advanced preparation (outcomes). Conclusions: We identified three CMO configurations of Taiwanese medical students’ active learning. The connections among hierarchical culture, fear, teachers’ guidance, motivation, the medical environment and professional identity have been shown to affect the complex interactions of learning outcomes. Fear derived from a hierarchical culture is a concern as it is a significant and specific contextual factor, often sparking fear with negative outcomes.

scholarly journals The Effect of Environmental Performance on Employment: Evidence from China’s Manufacturing Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 2232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Shan ◽  
Jingyi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Correlation Effect ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Manufacturing Industries ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Production Scale ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
The Impact

This research aims to explore the interaction between environmental performance and employment China’s manufacturing industries. Based on the environmental performance of 32 industries in China’s manufacturing industry during 2006–2015, a panel vector autoregressive model was constructed to study the interaction between industry output and employment in clean industries and dirty industries. The dynamic impact and internal transmission mechanism between environmental performance is analyzed. The study found that in the early stage, due to the reduction of production scale, there was a weak and short-term negative correlation effect on employment, and the mutual promotion relationship between economic benefits and employment was unsustainable. In return, employment affects environmental performance, but the effect differs due to the different forms of environmental performance. For dirty industries, the impact of environmental performance on employment through technical effects is more significant and, thus, a win–win situation of ecological environment and employment stability will be achieved. This research has practical significance regarding how to scientifically and effectively carry out environmental regulation and green management.

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