scholarly journals ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СООБЩЕСТВА ПОЧВЕННЫХ МЕЗОПЕДОБИОНТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕКРЕАЦИОННОЙ НАГРУЗКИ В ЛЕСОПАРКОВОМ НАСАЖДЕНИИ

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (03) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
O. N. Kunakh ◽  
A. V. Zhukov ◽  
Yu. A. Baljuk
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Rlq Analysis ◽  
Animal Community

<p>In work the results of studying of the spatial organization of soil mesofauna of the artificial forest planting have been processed by OMI- and RLQ-analysis methods. Our research were conducted in June, 6st, 2011 in Oles Gonchar University botanic garden (earlier – territory of park of J. Gagarin, Dnepropetrovsk). The studied plot is situated at a distance of 220 m from the Building 1 of DNU and at a distance of 95 m from Y. Gagarin Avenue (the Southeast direction) (48°25'53.88"С, 35°2'25.82"В). The plot consists of 15 transects directed in a perpendicular manner in relation to the Avenue. Each transect is made of seven sample points. The distance between points is 2 m. The coordinates of the lower left point have been taken as (0; 0). The plot represents artificial forest-park planting. The vegetation has typically wood, mesotrophic and mesophilic character (93.55% – silvants, 70.97% – mesotrophic, 57.84% – mesophiles). At each point the soil mesofauna was studied; temperature, electrical conductivity and soil penetration resistance, dead leaf layer and herbage height were measured. Soil-zoological test area had a size of 25×25 cm.</p> <p>In ecological structure of the soil animal community have been found such groups dominant as saprophages, pratants and stepants, hygrophilous, mesotrophocoenomorphes, endogeic topomorphes. The measured edaphic characteristics have been shown to play an important role in structure of an ecological niche in mesopedobiont community. The basic trends of structure transformation of the animal community of soil mesofauna have been found as soil humidity gradient and edaphic properties variability caused features of a forest vegetation cover. The usage of morphological or physiological features of animals for an estimation of degree of specific distinctions is applicable for homogeneous taxonomic or ecological groups possessing comparable characteristics which also can be interpreted ecologically. The soil mesofauna is characterized by high taxonomic and ecological diversity of forms and comparing which by morphological or physiological criteria it is rather inconvenient. Ecological sense of characteristics in different groups will not be identical, and the basis for their comparison will be inadequate. Therefore we apply to the description of the ecological features ectomorphic analysis of soil animals. The organization of communities of soil animals may be considered at levels of an investigated point, a biogeocenosis, a landscape and regional level. Actually, on the basis of landscape-ecological distribution of species in ecological space their accessory to ecological groups – an ecomorphes is established. Various directions of allocating an ecomorphes at the landscape level conditionally are considered independent and form an ecological matrix (in multidimensional space – a multidimensional matrix, or tensor). As the level of a biogeocenosis correlation degree with the ecomorphes, possibly, will be rather high, therefore soil animals will form local, but functionally significant, groups. The regular ratio of ecomorphes in these functional groups will be a reflection of their organizational structure and an ecological diversity. The obtained data testifies to the justice of the come out assumption. It is important to notice that fact that the functional groups allocated in ecological space by means of the RLQ-analysis, show regular patterns of spatial variability. Local functional groups are characterized by ecological characteristics which reflect in terms one ecomorphes of property of others, occupying the higher hierarchical position. So, it is established that within the studied range, steppe ecomorphes are presented by megatrophic, xerophilous, megatrophocoenomorphes, and mostly phytophagous or predatory forms. Meadow and paludal forms are mainly epigeic (paludal) or anecic (meadow), hygrophilous or ultragygrophilous, saprophagous. The pioneering complex of destructive loci is presented by functional group which has no accurate coenotic status, but gravitates to steppe type. Such result approaches us to an understanding of mechanisms of transformation of community of soil animals under anthropogenic impact. For this purpose it is necessary to return to understanding coenomorphes as indicators of types of circulation of substances and energy flow on A. L. Belgard (1971). In such treatment we observe destruction coenotic system unities of a complex under anthropogenic impact, and the functional group appears at us as situational set of species. Obviously, such treatment is hypothetical and demands the further check. However the considered algorithm of gathering of materials and their statistical processing gives the practical tool for the decision of the given problem.</p> <p><em>Key words: </em>soil mesofauna, ecological niche, spatial ecology, ecomorphes</p>

scholarly journals Functional and spatial structure of the urbotechnozem mesopedobiont community

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. N. Kunah
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Rlq Analysis ◽  
Animal Community

The results of studying the spatial structure of soil mesofauna of an urbanotechnozem by OMI- and RLQ-analysis are presented. The research was conducted on 5 June 2012 in the Botanic Garden of Oles Gonchar University (previously – territory of the Park Y. Gagarin, Dnipropetrovsk). The studied plot is situated on the slope of the Krasnopostachekaya balka (48°25'57.43" N, 35°2'16.52" E). The plot consists of 15 transects directed in a perpendicular manner in relation to the talweg. Each transect is made of seven sample points. The distance between points is 2 m. The coordinates of the lower left point were taken as (0; 0). The plot consisted of artificial grassland with a single tree. The vegetation was composed of grassland and steppe, of a mega-mesotrophic, xeromesophilic character. At each point the mesopedobionts were studied (data presented as L-table); temperature, electrical conductivity and soil penetration resistance, and grass height were measured (data presented as R-table). The soil-zoological test area was 25×25 cm. The mesopedobiont community was represented by 28 species and with total abundance 70.1 ind./m2. The following groups were dominant in the ecological structure of the soil animal community; saprohages, pratants, mesotrophocoenomorphs and the endogeic group. The measured edaphic characteristics were shown to play an important role in structurization of the ecological niche of the mesopedobiont community. The usage of morphological or physiological features of animals for the assessment of degree of specific distinctions is applicable for homogeneous taxonomic or ecological groups possessing comparable characteristics which also can be interpreted ecologically. The soil mesofauna is characterized by high taxonomic and ecological diversity of forms,which are difficult to compare by morphological or physiological criteria. The ecological value of characteristics in different groups will be not identical, and the basis for their comparison will be inadequate. Therefore we apply to the description of ecological features an ecomorphic analysis of the soil animals. The organization of communities of soil animals may be considered at the levels of investigated point,biogeocenosis, landscape and regional level. On the basis of landscape-ecological distribution of species in ecological space, their distribution in ecological groups – ecomorphs is established. The regular ratio of an ecomorph in these functional groups will be reflection of their organizational structure and ecological diversity. The obtained data testifies to the justice of this assumption. It is important to note the fact that the functional groups allocated in ecological space by means of the RLQ-analysis show regular patterns of spatial variability. Local functional groups are characterized by ecological characteristics in which any ecomorph may contain species occupying different hierarchical positions. Ascertaining the spatial heterogeneity of the animal community and determinancy of properties of an ecological niche by soil factors is an important result. However, for understanding of the nature of heterogeneity of the spatial variant of ecomorphs the analysis with RLQ-analysis application has been processed. Within a comparatively uniform field the spatial differentiation of the animal community in functional groups has been found. The reality of their existence was not only verified statistically, but also supplemented by a substantial interpretation of the ecomorphic markers of the interrelations between the groups and indicators of the ecological properties of the soil they inhabit. The variation of environmental properties within microsites leads to rearrangement of the ecological frame of the soil animal community. Heterogeneity of a soil body and vegetation mosaic form patterns of the spatial organisation of the soil animal community.

scholarly journals Ecological space of the sod-lithogenic soils on the red-brown clays animal community

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
K. V. Andrusevych
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Edaphic Factors ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Animal Community ◽  
Living Organisms

The ecological niche is the keystone conception of theoretical ecology. But for its use methodical difficulties appears which can be solved with the help of the number of statistical techniques which includes OMI-analyses. This procedure has given the possibility of visualization of the ecological niche of soil animal community of the sod-lithogenic soils on the red-brown clays. The phenomenon of differentiation of the ecological niche demands the explanation of structuring ecological space and detects of dominant factors which have influenced for the physiognomy of communities of soil animals. The important problem is also to evaluate the role of ecological specialization of animals, which expresses in the terms ecomorphical structure. The usage of RLQ-analyses has permitted to quantity estimate the influence of vegetation features and edaphic factors on the spatial distribution of soil mesofauna. The researching polygon is characterized both the presence of patch with optimal vital activity terms, and with unfavorable conditions. Mesopedobionts within researching polygon have been established as not being ecologically homogeneous. The functional groups A and B embrace in the majority of endogeic animals such as larvae of beetles. The ecologically diverse ecomorphic properties of these groups with high density of the animal community may be determined by the axis number 1. These groups concentrate within 3–4 meters diameter patches with most favorable conditions for vital activity. Such patches are marginal for this polygon. The functional group C is presented by gerpetobiont animals which are able to migrate and relatively tolerant to edaphic factors. That is why centroid of given group is most closely located to the typical condition of this polygon. Considered indicators of soil as environment of living organisms permit to estimate the community’s ecological niche. The quantity characteristics of species ecological niches within researching polygon such as specialization and marginality have been estimated. At first for the characteristics of soil animals’ ecological niches have been used phytoindicator scales and ecomorphical analyses of the vegetations structure and also physiognomy types of it. The selection of functional groups of soil animals and applied for them ecomorphical characteristics are present high information values and conformity of indicator scales for the description of real current types of conditions of ecosystems.

scholarly journals ЗОО- И ФИТОИНДИКАЦИЯ РОЛИ АВТОТРОФНОЙ И ГЕТЕРОТРОФНОЙ КОНСОРЦИЙ В ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ БИОГЕОЦЕНОЗА

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
O. N. Kunakh ◽  
M. V. Tryfanova ◽  
D. S. Ganzha
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Soil Animal ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Rlq Analysis ◽  
Natural Reserve ◽  
High Level ◽  
Bird Colonies

<p>The main results of ecomorfology structure of soil mesofauna in the adjacent area of Dneprovsko-Orylskiy Natural Reserve (Ireland Pogorily ore Dyka Kosa) have been presented by the methods of OMI-  and RLQ – analysis. The components of variability of the soil animal world (in colony of <em>Ardea</em><em> </em><em>cinerea</em> L.), which is conditioned by auto- and heterotrophic consortia and also by influence of edaphically properties of biogeocoenoses were determined. Also we registered the high level and dynamics of mineral feed and presence of nitrogen in the soil. The results of description of taxonomic and ecological diversity in association of mesopedobionts were presented. We proved that the coenomorphic type of the animals was bog-forest. On the basic of joint measuring of edaphically descriptions and features of fauna structure we estimated the properties of ecological niche of soil mesofauna.</p> <p><em>Key words:</em><em> estimation of phytoindication, soil mesofauna, ecomorphic analysis, consortia, bird colonies.</em></p>

scholarly journals The functional organisation of the mesopedobionts community of sod pinewood soils on arena of the river Dnepr

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. V. Zhukov ◽  
O. N. Kunah ◽  
V. A. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Biological Properties ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Ecological Group ◽  
Soil Animals ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Rlq Analysis ◽  
Ecological Structure ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
The One ◽  
Trophic Traits

We revealed the functional groups of the animals of sod pinewood soils (arena of the river Dnepr in the "Dneprovsko-Orelsky" Nature Reserve) on the basis of cluster analysis of the RLQ-axes received as result of interaction of matrix of community, matrix of edaphic parameters and matrix of ecomorphs of soil animals. The quantitative account of soil mesofauna has allowed us to establish that the community of animals inhabiting sod pinewood soils is represented by 20 species at a density of 68.9 ± 14.6 ind./m2, 8 forms were identified at the level of genus, family or order. Two species were represented by their larval and imago phases (Anatolica eremita (Steven, 1829) and Calathus ambiguus (Paykull, 1790)). A count of animals conducted in an alternative way has allowed us to expand the list to 38 species or forms at species level. The level of abundance and diversity for sod pinewood soils on the arena is not high compared with other types of soils of the arena of the river Dnepr. This result shows that the community has a simplified ecological structure. The prevailing ecological structure of the community can be characterised as steppe, xerophilous, oligotrophocoenomorphic. Anecic animals are absent from the topomorphic structure and saprophagous animals absent from the trophic structure. Only additional collection by alternative methods has allowed us to establish the presence in the community of saprophagous and anecic animals. The latter ecological group is represented by the extremely mobile vertebrate species Pelobates fuscus. The foromorphic structure of the community differs by its great variety. In this structure various strategies of animals’ movement through the soil are proportionately represented. On the one hand, we see various ways of movement of herpetobiont animals, mainly insect imagoes, which as a whole differ in their considerable migratory potential. This circumstance staticizes the historical reasons for the formation of the studied community. On the other hand, in the community there are various strategies of movement in the soil that allow us to assume or determine the reasons or causes of structurization of an ecological niche. Environmental factors are described by two groups of indicators, edaphic properties and values of phytoindicator scales. The mesopedobionts community structure is presented as a classical matrix of species/sampling points. The ecology of communities is principally focused not on taxonomic features but on biological properties (traits) of species. Such features can act on ecomorphs of soil animals. The direct functional analysis of relationship of biological properties of species with variables of environment by means of data on the abundance of species demands association of three matrixes of data. Such problem can be tackled by means of the RLQ-analysis. A key aspect of structurization of communities of soil mesofauna is differentiation in trophic traits. The organisation of a community of soil animals in an ecological space set by axes RLQ can be displayed in the form of a natural variation of RLQ-axes in geographical space. Everything in the RLQ is represented, as follows from the mathematical nature of this generalisation, an independent aspect of the coordinated variation of structure of a community of soil animals, properties of environment and ecomorphic features of mesopedobionts. 

scholarly journals Identification of Freshwater Zooplankton Functional Groups Based on the Functional Traits of Species

2020 ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
D. E. Gavrilko ◽  
G. V. Shurganova ◽  
I. A. Kudrin ◽  
B. N. Yakimov
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Trophic Group ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Freshwater Zooplankton ◽  
Group Feeding

Information on the functional traits of the most widespread species of freshwater zooplankton (Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda) in European Russia was collected and analyzed. Our database includes 355 species described by 4 traits, namely: maximum body length, trophic group, feeding type, and movement type. Cluster analysis based on Gower's functional distances shows that freshwater zooplankton can be classified into 19 groups with different ecological roles. The characteristics of each identified functional group are presented. We believe it to be fundamentally important to build a unified classification using all available data and applicable characters for all three main taxonomic groups of zooplankton. Comparison with the existing ecological zooplankton classification proposed by Yu. S. Chuikov has demonstrated a number of advantages of our approach. Several ecological groups in Yu. S. Chuikov’s classification are represented by more fractional categories in our classification. Our system of functional groups can be used in studies of the structure of zooplanktocoenoses based on direct cluster analysis and ordination or based on functional distances between samples. To calculate the functional similarity between species, one can use our database of features, which is contained in the Appendix. Analysis based on functional groups gives a better unerstanding of the structure of a community than traditional ordination, which takes into account only the taxonomic affiliation of species. The approach used for functional group identification can be useful in assessing functional diversity and identifying patterns of freshwater zooplanktocoenoses dynamics. The database of functional signs of zooplankton can be used to check the relationship of functional signs with environmental factors.

scholarly journals Resilience of Epiphytic Lichens to Combined Effects of Increasing Nitrogen and Solar Radiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Lourdes Morillas ◽  
Javier Roales ◽  
Cristina Cruz ◽  
Silvana Munzi
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Environmental Stressor ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Direct Sunlight

Lichens are classified into different functional groups depending on their ecological and physiological response to a given environmental stressor. However, knowledge on lichen response to the synergistic effect of multiple environmental factors is extremely scarce, although vital to get a comprehensive understanding of the effects of global change. We exposed six lichen species belonging to different functional groups to the combined effects of two nitrogen (N) doses and direct sunlight involving both high temperatures and ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 58 days. Irrespective of their functional group, all species showed a homogenous response to N with cumulative, detrimental effects and an inability to recover following sunlight, UV exposure. Moreover, solar radiation made a tolerant species more prone to N pollution’s effects. Our results draw attention to the combined effects of global change and other environmental drivers on canopy defoliation and tree death, with consequences for the protection of ecosystems.

scholarly journals Food Additives Frequency in processed baby products in Cochabamba, Bolivia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (Especial) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Nelcy Aguilar Sasari ◽  
Milenka Alessandra Fernández Ledezma ◽  
Tania Araujo-Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Sodium Nitrate ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Food Labels ◽  
Organoleptic Properties

Additives are necessary substances to improve the nutritional and organoleptic properties and the shelf life of processed food. In addition, their use is regulated, and it must be declared on the food labels. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the frequency of food additives in processed baby products in Cochabamba metropolitan area (Bolivia). Data were collected by label reading and a frequency analysis was performed by additives and by functional group. 26 baby products were found where 41 food additives were identified with an occurrence of 256 times, and a mean of 9,8 additives per product. Moreover, the functional groups most widely used are antioxidants and colorants. Finally, the most frequent additives are mostly harmless, except for sodium nitrate and copper sulfate.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Spectrum Profile of Functional Groups, and Effervescent Formulation of Kepok Banana Peels Stem Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
Robby Candra Purnama ◽  
Annisa Primadiamanti
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Stem Extract ◽  
Group Profile ◽  
Banana Stem

Kepok banana plants contain secondary metabolites such as tannins and flavonoids. Tannins and flavonoids have various properties for human health. Research has been carried out to identify secondary metabolite compounds (tannins, flavonoids, and saponins) by using the phytochemical screening method to see the functional group profile contained in the extract of kepok banana stem waste. Kepok banana stem waste was extracted in 96% ethanol, then evaporated and screened phytochemically. This extract was used to prepare effervescently. Screening results showed that tannin and flavonoids were identified by the appearance of the following color black-green and dark red, respectively. Meanwhile, saponins were negative because the foam formed had a height of 0.3 cm and did not meet the saponins' positive requirements (1-3 cm high foam and stable for 5 minutes). Identification of functional groups in the extract of kepok banana stem waste using Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that C-C stretching in the area 2927.24 cm-1, O-H stretching in the 3423.87 cm-1 area, C=O stretching in the 1648.87 cm-1 area. Also appeared bending CH2 in the region of 1421.45 cm-1, and C-C in the area of 1149.98 cm-1. The characteristics of three different formulas (A, B, and C) of effervescent have been investigated: the moisture content of 2.51%; 2.55%, and 2.52%, respectively. Then, flow rate of 8.81 g/s; 8.83 g/s; and 8.82 g/s, compressibility of 14.5%; 14.4%; and 14.5%, and a pH of 5.97; 5.98; and 5.97 respectively. All parameters are eligible.

scholarly journals Functional Group Identification for FTIR Spectra Using Image-Based Machine Learning Models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail Enders ◽  
Nicole North ◽  
Chase Fensore ◽  
Juan Velez-Alvarez ◽  
Heather Allen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Group Identification ◽  
Spectroscopic Technique ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Spectral Interpretation ◽  
Time Required

<p>Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a ubiquitous spectroscopic technique. Spectral interpretation is a time-consuming process, but it yields important information about functional groups present in compounds and in complex substances. We develop a generalizable model via a machine learning (ML) algorithm using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to identify the presence of functional groups in gas phase FTIR spectra. The ML models will reduce the amount of time required to analyze functional groups and facilitate interpretation of FTIR spectra. Through web scraping, we acquire intensity-frequency data from 8728 gas phase organic molecules within the NIST spectral database and transform the data into images. We successfully train models for 15 of the most common organic functional groups, which we then determine via identification from previously untrained spectra. These models serve to expand the application of FTIR measurements for facile analysis of organic samples. Our approach was done such that we have broad functional group models that inference in tandem to provide full interpretation of a spectrum. We present the first implementation of ML using image-based CNNs for predicting functional groups from a spectroscopic method.</p>

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