The role of the structure to provide biogeocenotic soil functions

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
V. A. Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Structural State ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Ecological Community ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Living Organisms

There is a presentation of analysis of the structural state role in the manifestation of biogeocenotic soil functions, which are due to their physical, chemical and biochemical, physical-chemical, information, integrity properties. The main role in the formation of the structure of living space manifests itself in existence, due to the presence in soil aggregates of different sizes and structures, of numerous and diverse ecological niches for soil organisms. The participation of structure in providing housing and shelter is evident in its impact on the majority of soil conditions. The role of the structure in the manifestation of the support is associated with fixing function in plants through the soil root system, as well as with structural features of the surface soil, which is used by animals when moving. The participate of structure in preservation of plant seeds, eggs and larvae of animal is due to the formation of aggregated soil optimal living conditions for living organisms. The structure plays an important role in realization of the soil nutrients and source connections, as plants are able to obtain only minerals in dissolved form and the optimal conditions for this can provide only soil with qualitative waterproof structure. The structure also participates in the formation of a depot of nutrients, energy and moisture, most of which are found in soil and aggregates that can be made available to living organisms after their destruction. The role of the of structure in providing stimulator function and inhibitor of biochemical processes is evident in the formation of a kind of the medium through which the interaction of the root systems of plants, as well as providing conditions for humification and mineralization of soil organic matter. The influence of the structure on the sorption of particulate material coming from the atmosphere is evident in its involvement in the formation of structural units of the soil. The role of the structure in the sorption of fine soil microorganisms living in the soil is due to the fact that this process is largely determined by the shape of aggregates, mineral composition and organic matter, which are included in their composition. The features of the structure to provide a signal function to the seasonal biological processes are related to the determining the influence of the aggregate composition of the soil at its thermal regime, which mainly depends on all biological processes in the soil. The role of the structure in the regulation of number and composition of the ecological community is due to the existence of the relationship between aggregate soil composition and characteristics of ecological community that exists on it. Participation in the launch of some of the structures of succession occurs mainly at the sharp deterioration of the structural state of the soil, which may be associated with the processes of water and wind erosion. The role of the structure to provide a «memory» of biogeocoenosis is explained by quite stable structural state of the natural ecosystems of the soil in the absence of catastrophic processes, which is able to store information about the features of the state of other components of biogeocoenosis. Participation of the structure in the transformation of matter and energy entering biogeocoenosis is due to the constant transformation of minerals, grain size elements, organic matter and other constituent parts of the soil in the process of aggregation. The role of the structure in the display of the sanitary function is due to the fact that there is a degradation of organic residues and metabolic products of living organisms in the soil, its antiseptic properties is best evident only in well-structured soil. The value of the structure in the function of the protective screen and buffer biogeocenotic screen provision is most fully shown in the soils of natural ecosystems with a favorable and stable structural state, due to which ecosystems are protected from mechanical destruction under the influence of various factors – water, wind, gravity force. Despite the cited aspects of the role of structure manifestation in providing biogeocenotic soil functions there is a need for further detailed research in this area.

PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK BATA MERAH TERHADAP NILAI CBR

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rayhan Agustian Arif ◽  
A'isyah Salimah ◽  
Putera Agung Maha Agung
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Cbr Test ◽  
Loose Sediments

Abstract Soil is a collection of minerals, organic matter and relatively loose sediments that are located above the bedrock. Based on the particle size, it is divided into four types, namely gravel, sand, silt and clay. The role of soil is very important in a construction because the soil functions as a support for the loads that are above it, so that the soil is expected to have a good bearing capacity. In this study, the soil taken is soft soil in Hambalang, Bogor where the soil conditions in the area are hard in the dry season and soft in the rainy season, so it is necessary to review the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value. In this study, using waste from red brick as an additive to soft soil. CBR testing is appropriate (SNI 1744: 2012), with the CBR Laboratory test soaked and unsoaked. Along with the addition of% red brick powder, the CBR values of soaked and unsoaked (top and bottom) have increased, so that the addition of% content of red brick powder is 15% respectively got a value of 4.55% and 4.9% (soaked) and 17.94% and 19.70 (unsoaked). So, from this CBR test, it was found that the effect of adding red brick powder increases CBR tilapia soaked and unsoaked soft soil of Hambalang. Keywords: Soft Soil, Red Brick Powder,CBR soaked, CBR unsoaked

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN SERBUK BATA MERAH TERHADAP NILAI CBR

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rayhan Agustian Arif ◽  
A'isyah Salimah ◽  
Putera Agung Maha Agung
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Brick Powder ◽  
Cbr Test ◽  
Loose Sediments

Abstract Soil is a collection of minerals, organic matter and relatively loose sediments that are located above the bedrock. Based on the particle size, it is divided into four types, namely gravel, sand, silt and clay. The role of soil is very important in a construction because the soil functions as a support for the loads that are above it, so that the soil is expected to have a good bearing capacity. In this study, the soil taken is soft soil in Hambalang, Bogor where the soil conditions in the area are hard in the dry season and soft in the rainy season, so it is necessary to review the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value. In this study, using waste from red brick as an additive to soft soil. CBR testing is appropriate (SNI 1744: 2012), with the CBR Laboratory test soaked and unsoaked. Along with the addition of% red brick powder, the CBR values of soaked and unsoaked (top and bottom) have increased, so that the addition of% content of red brick powder is 15% respectively got a value of 4.55% and 4.9% (soaked) and 17.94% and 19.70 (unsoaked). So, from this CBR test, it was found that the effect of adding red brick powder increases CBR tilapia soaked and unsoaked soft soil of Hambalang. Keywords: Soft Soil, Red Brick Powder,CBR soaked, CBR unsoaked

scholarly journals Effects of glyphosate-based herbicides and their active ingredients on earthworms, water infiltration and glyphosate leaching are influenced by soil properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann G. Zaller ◽  
Maureen Weber ◽  
Michael Maderthaner ◽  
Edith Gruber ◽  
Eszter Takács ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Earthworm Activity

Abstract Background Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are among the most often used pesticides. The hundreds of GBHs used worldwide consist of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate in form of different salts, possibly other AIs, and various mostly undisclosed co-formulants. Pesticide risk assessments are commonly performed using single AIs or GBHs at standard soil conditions without vegetation. In a greenhouse experiment, we established a weed population with common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) to examine the effects of three GBHs (Roundup LB Plus, Roundup PowerFlex, Touchdown Quattro) and their corresponding AIs (salts of glyphosate isopropylammonium, potassium, diammonium) on the activity and physiological biomarkers (glutathione S-transferase, GST; acetylcholine esterase, AChE) of an ecologically relevant earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris). GBHs and AIs were applied at recommended doses; hand weeding served as control. Experiments were established with two soil types differing in organic matter content (SOM; 3.0% vs. 4.1%) and other properties. Results Earthworm activity (casting and movement activity) decreased after application of glyphosate formulations or active ingredients compared to hand weeding. We found no consistent pattern that formulations had either higher or lower effects on earthworm activity than their active ingredients; rather, differences were substance-specific. Earthworm activity was little affected by soil organic matter levels. Biomarkers remained unaffected by weed control types; GST but not AChE was decreased under high SOM. Water infiltration after a simulated heavy rainfall was interactively affected by weed control types and SOM. Leachate amount was higher after application of formulations than active ingredients and was higher under low SOM. Glyphosate concentrations in soil and leachate were strongly affected by application of formulations or active ingredients and varied with SOM (significant weed control type x SOM interaction). Conclusions We found that both commercial formulations and pure active ingredients can influence earthworms with consequences on important soil functions. Glyphosate products showed increased, reduced or similar effects than pure glyphosate on particular soil functions; soil properties can substantially alter this. Especially at lower SOM, heavy rainfalls could lead to more glyphosate leaching into water bodies. A full disclosure of co-formulants would be necessary to further decipher their specific contributions to these inconsistent effects.

scholarly journals Evidence for biological shaping of hair ice

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4261-4273 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Hofmann ◽  
G. Preuss ◽  
C. Mätzler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ice Growth ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Common

Abstract. An unusual ice type, called hair ice, grows on the surface of dead wood of broad-leaf trees at temperatures slightly below 0 °C. We describe this phenomenon and present physical, chemical, and biological investigations to gain insight in the properties and processes related to hair ice. Tests revealed that the biological activity of a winter-active fungus is required in the wood for enabling the growth of hair ice. We confirmed the fungus hypothesis originally suggested by Wegener (1918) by reproducing hair ice on wood samples. Treatment by heat and fungicide suppresses the formation of hair ice. Fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycota are identified on hair-ice-carrying wood. One species, Exidiopsis effusa (Ee), was present on all investigated samples. Both hair-ice-producing wood samples and those with killed fungus show essentially the same temperature variation, indicating that the heat produced by fungal metabolism is very small, that the freezing rate is not influenced by the fungus activity, and that ice segregation is the common mechanism of ice growth on the wood surface. The fungus plays the role of shaping the ice hairs and preventing them from recrystallisation. Melted hair ice indicates the presence of organic matter. Chemical analyses show a complex mixture of several thousand CHO(N,S) compounds similar to fulvic acids in dissolved organic matter (DOM). The evaluation reveals decomposed lignin as being the main constituent. Further work is needed to clarify its role in hair-ice growth and to identify the recrystallisation inhibitor.

scholarly journals The Role of Counter-Ions in Peptides—An Overview

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Karol Sikora ◽  
Maciej Jaśkiewicz ◽  
Damian Neubauer ◽  
Dorian Migoń ◽  
Wojciech Kamysz
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phase ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Drug Formulation ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Mobile Phase Additives ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The Impact

Peptides and proteins constitute a large group of molecules that play multiple functions in living organisms. In conjunction with their important role in biological processes and advances in chemical approaches of synthesis, the interest in peptide-based drugs is still growing. As the side chains of amino acids can be basic, acidic, or neutral, the peptide drugs often occur in the form of salts with different counter-ions. This review focuses on the role of counter-ions in peptides. To date, over 60 peptide-based drugs have been approved by the FDA. Based on their area of application, biological activity, and results of preliminary tests they are characterized by different counter-ions. Moreover, the impact of counter-ions on structure, physicochemical properties, and drug formulation is analyzed. Additionally, the application of salts as mobile phase additives in chromatographic analyses and analytical techniques is highlighted.

Assessing the Impact of No-Till on Water Related Soil Functions and the Role of Farmer Networks in Knowledge Exchange and Implementation.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kamilla Skaalsveen
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Knowledge Exchange ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Functions ◽  
Soil And Water

No-tillage is a non-inversion farming practice that is becoming more widely used in farming and often considered to enhance soil functions, by increasing soil organic matter levels and thereby improving soil structure. Knowledge about the effects of different management practices on separate soil functions is important to understand potential trade-offs between them. Studies have shown that no-tillage affects soil functions of water purification and water retention and can reduce erosion rates and inputs from agriculture to water bodies, however evidence from north western European countries is still limited. Alongside this gap in evidence about the physical impacts of no-tillage, knowledge about how farmers share knowledge about no-tillage, a knowledge intensive practice, and the role of farmer networks is still growing. This paper presents results from interdisciplinary (PhD) research which measured the effect of no-tillage on water related soil functions in a UK case study and analysed the distribution of no-tillage knowledge through farmer networks. The field-scale monitoring compares two neighbouring farms (one using conventional ploughing and the other no-tillage) with similar soil and topographic characteristics to assess spatial and temporal changes in soil and water variables. The 2-year monitoring included nutrient analysis of surface and sub-surface soil samples, bulk density, soil moisture, infiltration capacity, surface runoff and analysis of Dissolved Reactive Phosphorous (DRP), Total Phosphorous (TP) and Suspended Solids (SS) in downstream waters. Farmers’ networks were mapped using Social Network Analysis (SNA) to reveal the nature and extent of their knowledge exchange about no-tillage. This was complemented by semi-structured interviews with farmers to understand their reasons for implementing no-tillage. This paper presents findings from both aspects of this research. The soil and water data show varying impacts of no-tillage on soil functions and water quality with different soil types and climate. The no-tillage fields had higher bulk density and soil organic matter content and thereby increasing the soil moisture levels, but the free-draining porous limestone was providing greater benefits under no-tillage in this study compared with the limerich loamy soil with high silt and clay content. The SNA suggests that farmers’ networks expanded with the conversion to no-tillage and that their main influencers were other more experienced no-tillage farmers. In this respect I question the role of external organisations in supporting no-tillage adoption. The research offers a significant new contribution to the field as it assesses the effects of no-tillage on water purification and retention functions of the soil, and at the same time contributes to understanding the dynamics of farmer networks and the link to implementation.

scholarly journals Development of Cellular and Enzymatic Bioluminescent Assay Systems to Study Low-Dose Effects of Thorium

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Olga V. Kolesnik ◽  
Tatiana V. Rozhko ◽  
Maria A. Lapina ◽  
Vladislav S. Solovyev ◽  
Anna S. Sachkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Photobacterium Phosphoreum ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Bacterial Bioluminescence ◽  
Luminescent Bacteria ◽  
Living Organisms

Thorium is one of the most widespread radioactive elements in natural ecosystems, along with uranium, it is the most important source of nuclear energy. However, the effects of thorium on living organisms have not been thoroughly studied. Marine luminescent bacteria and their enzymes are optimal bioassays for studying low-dose thorium exposures. Luminescent bioassays provide a quantitative measure of toxicity and are characterized by high rates, sensitivity, and simplicity. It is known that the metabolic activity of bacteria is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We studied the effects of thorium-232 (10−11–10−3 M) on Photobacterium phosphoreum and bacterial enzymatic reactions; kinetics of bacterial bioluminescence and ROS content were investigated in both systems. Bioluminescence activation was revealed under low-dose exposures (<0.1 Gy) and discussed in terms of “radiation hormesis”. The activation was accompanied by an intensification of the oxidation of a low-molecular reducer, NADH, during the enzymatic processes. Negative correlations were found between the intensity of bioluminescence and the content of ROS in bacteria and enzyme systems; an active role of ROS in the low-dose activation by thorium was discussed. The results contribute to radioecological potential of bioluminescence techniques adapted to study low-intensity radioactive exposures.

scholarly journals Evidence for biological shaping of hair ice

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 5293-5332
Author(s):  
D. Hofmann ◽  
G. Preuss ◽  
C. Mätzler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Ice Growth ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Broad Leaf ◽  
The Common

Abstract. An unusual ice type, called hair ice, grows on the surface of dead wood of broad-leaf trees at temperatures slightly below 0 °C. We describe this phenomenon and present physical, chemical, and biological investigations to gain insight in the properties and processes related to hair ice. Tests revealed that the biological activity of a winter-active fungus is required in the wood for enabling the growth of hair ice. We confirmed the fungus hypothesis originally suggested by Wegener (1918) by reproducing hair ice on wood samples. Treatment by heat and fungicide, respectively, suppresses the formation of hair ice. Fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycota are identified on hair-ice carrying wood. One species, Exidiopsis effusa (Ee), has been present on all investigated samples. Both hair-ice producing wood samples and those with killed fungus show essentially the same temperature variation, indicating that the heat produced by fungal metabolism is very small, that the freezing rate is not influenced by the fungus activity and that ice segregation is the common mechanism of ice growth at the wood surface. The fungus plays the role of shaping the ice hairs and to prevent them from recrystallisation. Melted hair ice indicates the presence of organic matter. Chemical analyses show a complex mixture of several thousand CHO(N,S)-compounds similar to fulvic acids in dissolved organic matter (DOM). The evaluation reveals decomposed lignin as the main constituent. Further work is needed to clarify its role in hair-ice growth and to identify the recrystallisation inhibitor.

scholarly journals ROLE OF CARBON CIRCULATION AS A BASIS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOIL FERTILITY MONITORING SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-134
Author(s):  
Yury Larionov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Fixed Amount ◽  
Biochemical Compounds ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Carbon Compounds

The most important role in ensuring soil fertility is played by biological processes, and this, above all, the cycles of the main nutrients of plants, animals and microorganisms. Cycles play an important role in the biosphere, providing direct and inverse links in the chains of the agro-ecological system, while maintaining the integrity of the biosphere. To monitor soil fertility it is necessary to determine (find) an integral index and its cycle, which most objectively reflects this property of the soil. Such an indicator, according to our research, is the quantity and qualitative composition of organic matter in the soil, which mainly consists of plant biomass, as well as micro and animal organisms. From the standpoint of chemistry, carbon is a part of the organic matter of the soil in the form of a huge amount of biochemical compounds containing virtually the entire table D.I. Mendeleev, but only about 30 elements (organogenic) have fixed amount and are found in organisms all the time. At the same time, the ratio of organogenic elements in the soil is different, more concentrated, rather than in the crust, established by geochemistry. In this regard, we found that the main indicator of soil fertility (having a closer correlation with it and integrally reflecting it) can be the content and balance of organic matter in it, the activity of which determines the effective and potential soil fertility. As an indicator of the cycle of organic matter it is necessary to use the carbon cycle in the soil on which all organic matter in the biosphere is built. The role of many biochemical carbon compounds in the evolution of living and soil fertility remains is to be seen.

scholarly journals Bioelectrochemical Systems for Removal of Selected Metals and Perchlorate from Groundwater: A Review

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Cecconet ◽  
Arianna Callegari ◽  
Andrea Capodaglio
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Groundwater Remediation ◽  
Bioelectrochemical Systems ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Groundwater Treatment ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Contaminants Removal

Groundwater contamination is a major issue for human health, due to its largely diffused exploitation for water supply. Several pollutants have been detected in groundwater; amongst them arsenic, cadmium, chromium, vanadium, and perchlorate. Various technologies have been applied for groundwater remediation, involving physical, chemical, and biological processes. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have emerged over the last 15 years as an alternative to conventional treatments for a wide variety of wastewater, and have been proposed as a feasible option for groundwater remediation due to the nature of the technology: the presence of two different redox environments, the use of electrodes as virtually inexhaustible electron acceptor/donor (anode and cathode, respectively), and the possibility of microbial catalysis enhance their possibility to achieve complete remediation of contaminants, even in combination. Arsenic and organic matter can be oxidized at the bioanode, while vanadium, perchlorate, chromium, and cadmium can be reduced at the cathode, which can be biotic or abiotic. Additionally, BES has been shown to produce bioenergy while performing organic contaminants removal, lowering the overall energy balance. This review examines the application of BES for groundwater remediation of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, vanadium, and perchlorate, focusing also on the perspectives of the technology in the groundwater treatment field.

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