scholarly journals Age peculiarities of interaction of motor and cognitive brain systems while processing information of different modality and complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Lyzohub ◽  
N. P. Chernenko ◽  
T. V. Kozhemiako ◽  
А. А. Palabiyik ◽  
S. V. Bezkopylna
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Mode Selection ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Functional Interaction ◽  
Processing Information

The interaction of motor and cognitive brain systems while performing the tasks of processing information of different modality and complexity is an important component of the brain’s integrative activity, which provides the individual adaptation of a person to changing environmental conditions. 116 individuals participated in the research; there were right-handed children aged 7–8, adolescents aged 11–12 and 15–16, and young men aged 19–20 among them. The investigated individuals performed a cognitive task, which included determining the modalities of a signal, the shape of a figure, the meaning of a word, and the fast and error-free reaction of differentiation with left (goL) or right (goR) hand or inhibition of motor action (nogo). The motor task involved a quick reaction to signals of different modality in the go/go/go mode. The results show that in the ontogenesis, the interaction of motor and cognitive brain systems gradually increases during processing of information of different modality and complexity by children, adolescents and young people. Closer functional interaction of motor and cognitive brain systems according to the indicators of speed and success of performing both tasks was found to be greater in the young men aged 19–20 and the adolescents aged 15–16 and 11–12 than in the children aged 7–8. The investigated individuals with the high-speed level of performing cognitive tasks were characterized with reliably higher indicators of motor reactions. Correlation analysis confirmed the statistically significant relationship between the speed characteristics of the motor and cognitive functional systems of the brain. The age dynamics of functional interaction between the motor and cognitive systems, as well as the speed and success of performing tasks depended on the mode selection of information processing. The success and speed of performing different variants of motor tasks in the go/go/go mode were higher in all age groups than in the conditions of the combined motor and cognitive tasks while differentiating goL/nogo/goR. The functional interaction of motor and cognitive brain systems in children, adolescents and young men while processing information increased gradually and depended on the modality of signals. The speed and success of results of performing motor and cognitive tasks were higher than for imaginative signals, and lower than for verbal ones for all age groups. Left-brain dominance of functional asymmetry was found for the cognitive systems. The number of mistakes on words was always less and the reaction speed was higher for the right hand than for the left one in the goL/nogo/goR mode. Asymmetry was weaker in the children aged 7–8 for the combined tasks using imaginative stimuli, and statistically significant in the groups of adolescents aged 11–12 and young men aged 15–16 and 19–20 for verbal signals presented in the goL/nogo/goR mode. The research results and methods can be used for the prognostic estimate of human activity in the conditions of complex information loads and neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals “Effect of Secondary Cognitive and Motor Tasks on Selected Gait Parameters in Different Age Groups”

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (06) ◽  
pp. 5437-5441
Author(s):  
Raee Saeed Alqhtani ◽  
Adel Alshahrani ◽  
Mohammed Abdul Rahman Jarrar ◽  
Reyaz Ahmed ◽  
Hashim Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Gait Parameters

Since walking is a dynamic activity which is an automatic process and attention demanding task. Dual task while walking may cause changes in gait, therefore this study primarily aims to identify whether a secondary cognitive or motor task would have a greater effect on gait parameters in different age groups. Secondarily, it aims to examine difference in gait performance between young and older adults while performing cognitive and motor tasks. Student’s t- test and Repeated measure analysis of variance was used for Statistical analyses. Older group had significantly higher gait time (mean difference: 2.61,3.86, and 6.37seconds), lower stride length (mean difference: 0.26, 0.25, and 0.28 cm), and higher step width (mean difference: 1.46,1.85, and 3.13cm) during simple walking task, motor task and cognitive task while walking, respectively as compared to young adults.This study concludes that the secondary cognitive task has affect the selected gait parameters more in young and older adults as compared to secondary motor task. Additionally, dual task performance has shown difference between gait of young and older adults    

scholarly journals Cognitive and Motor Perseveration Are Associated in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly J. Sombric ◽  
Gelsy Torres-Oviedo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Matching Rules

Aging causes perseveration (difficulty to switch between actions) in motor and cognitive tasks, suggesting that the same neural processes could govern these abilities in older adults. To test this, we evaluated the relation between independently measured motor and cognitive perseveration in young (21.4 ± 3.7 y/o) and older participants (76.5 ± 2.9 y/o). Motor perseveration was measured with a locomotor task in which participants had to transition between distinct walking patterns. Cognitive perseveration was measured with a card matching task in which participants had to switch between distinct matching rules. We found that perseveration in the cognitive and motor domains were positively related in older, but not younger individuals, such that participants exhibiting greater perseveration in the motor task also perseverated more in the cognitive task. Additionally, exposure reduces motor perseveration: older adults who had practiced the motor task could transition between walking patterns as proficiently as naïve, young individuals. Our results suggest an overlap in neural processes governing cognitive and motor perseveration with aging and that exposure can counteract the age-related motor perseveration.

scholarly journals Cognitive and motor perseveration are associated in older adults

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Sombric ◽  
Gelsy Torres-Oviedo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
List Type ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Neural Processes ◽  
Matching Rules

AbstractAging causes perseveration (difficulty to switch between actions) in motor and cognitive tasks, suggesting that the same neural processes could govern these abilities in older adults. To test this, we evaluated the relation between independently measured motor and cognitive perseveration in young (21.4±3.7 y/o) and older participants (76.5±2.9 y/o). Motor perseveration was measured with a locomotor task in which participants had to transition between distinct walking patterns. Cognitive perseveration was measured with a card matching task in which participants had to switch between distinct matching rules. We found that perseveration in the cognitive and motor domains were positively related in older, but not younger individuals, such that participants exhibiting greater perseveration in the motor task also perseverated more in the cognitive task. Additionally, exposure reduces motor perseveration: older adults who had practiced the motor task could transition between walking patterns as proficiently as naïve, young individuals. Our results suggest an overlap in neural processes governing cognitive and motor perseveration with aging and that exposure can counteract the age-related motor perseveration.HighlightsMovement carryover from the treadmill to overground indicates motor perseveration.Greater motor and cognitive perseveration are associated in older adults.Motor perseveration in older adults can be reduced with practice.New motor memories are similarly forgotten in older and younger adults.

Effects of Concurrent Motor, Linguistic, or Cognitive Tasks on Speech Motor Performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1234-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dromey ◽  
April Benson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Performance ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Speech Motor

This study examined the influence of 3 different types of concurrent tasks on speech motor performance. The goal was to uncover potential differences in speech movements relating to the nature of the secondary task. Twenty young adults repeated sentences either with or without simultaneous distractor activities. These distractions included a motor task (putting together washers, nuts, and bolts), a linguistic task (generating verbs from nouns), and a cognitive task (performing mental arithmetic). Lip movement data collected during the experimental conditions revealed decreases in displacement and velocity during the motor task. The linguistic and cognitive tasks were associated with increased spatiotemporal variability and increases in the strength of the negative correlations between upper and lower lip displacements. These findings show that distractor tasks during speech can have a significant influence on several labial kinematic measures. This suggests that the balance of neural resources allocated to different aspects of human communication may shift according to situational demands.

scholarly journals Effects of Simultaneous Cognitive Task on Gait Event Accuracy with Auditory Stimuli: Comparison between Young Adults in Their 20s and the Elderly in their 70s

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 734
Author(s):  
Jin-Seung Choi ◽  
Jung-Gil Kim ◽  
Jun-Hyeong Cho ◽  
Gye-Rae Tack
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Heel Contact ◽  
Auditory Cueing

The purpose of this study was to compare the difference in the accuracy of gait events between young and older adults during metronomic walking by auditory cueing. Additionally, age-specific changes in the gait event accuracy according to additional simultaneous cognitive tasks were examined. The time interval (or temporal error) between the auditory cue (i.e., metronome) and the heel contact was used as the accuracy of the gait event. Fifteen young group (YG, 24.7 ± 0.8 years) and 14 elderly (EG, 78.4 ± 5.5 years) people participated in the experiment. The temporal errors under two gait conditions (MET: walking with metronome; MET + BC: walking with metronome while counting backward) were compared for each group. The results revealed that all the temporal errors of EG were significantly greater than those of YG. While the addition of simultaneous cognitive tasks resulted in a significant increase in temporal error in both age groups, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the temporal error significantly increased only in the EG group. In other words, although heel contact accuracy with auditory stimuli was affected by the simultaneous cognitive task in both groups, it was demonstrated that the variability of the error in the young adults remained constant. Therefore, the time error measurement used in this study has the potential to be used as a tool to judge the gait instability of the elderly compared with young adults.

The influence of cognitive tasks on vestibular-induced eye movements in young and older adults

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 187-195
Author(s):  
Bryan K. Ward ◽  
Mark S. Redfern ◽  
J. Richard Jennings ◽  
Joseph M. Furman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Central Auditory Processing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Axis Rotation

The purpose of this study was to further investigate the mechanism of the influence of concurrent cognitive tasks on eye movements induced by earth-vertical axis rotation (EVAR) in young and older participants. Ten young (ages 21–34), ten young-old (ages 65–74) and nine older participants (ages 75–84) each performed five different cognitive tasks during sinusoidal EVAR in darkness at 0.02 Hz for three cycles, 0.05 Hz for four cycles, and 0.1 Hz for five cycles, all at a peak velocity of 50 degrees per second. The five tasks differed from one another in terms of their inherent sensory and motor components and were designed to provide insight into the effect of cognitive processing on VOR dynamics. Tasks included auditory frequency and lateralization disjunctive reaction time (DRT) tasks, silent and audible backward counting, and a question-response clinical standard task. For the DRT trials, tones were presented to the participant through earphones. Participants were instructed to respond as accurately and as quickly as possible. Eye movements were recorded with electro-oculography and calibrations were performed before and after every five rotations in all subjects. Participants had an increase in VOR phase lead while performing DRT tasks as compared to the clinical standard and counting tasks. The effect was most noticeable at the 0.02 Hz frequency and was present in all age groups. In addition, we observed a decrease in VOR gain while subjects performed auditory DRT tasks during EVAR at 0.02 Hz, 0.05 Hz and 0.1 Hz as compared to the clinical standard and counting tasks. These results suggest cognitive task-dependent interference between central auditory processing and vestibular processing primarily at the sensory rather than at the motor level.

Age-Related Differences in Throwing Techniques Used by the Catcher in Baseball

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinji Sakurai ◽  
Bruce Elliott ◽  
J. Robert Grove
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Transformation Method ◽  
High Speed Photography ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Ball Speed ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Release Speed

Three-dimensional (3-D) high speed photography was used to record the overarm throwing actions of five open-age, four 18-year-old, six 16-year- old, and six 14-year-old high-performance baseball catchers. The direct linear transformation method was used for 3-D space reconstruction from 2-D images of the catchers throwing from home plate to second base recorded using two phase-locked cameras operating at a nominal rate of 200 Hz. Selected physical capacity measures were also recorded and correlated with ball release speed. In general, anthropometric and strength measures significantly increased through the 14-year-old to open-age classifications, while a range of correlation coefficients from .50 to .84 was recorded between these physical capacities and ball speed at release. While many aspects of the kinematic data at release were similar, the key factors of release angle and release speed varied for the different age groups.

Annoyingness of Aircraft Noise in Relation to Cognitive Activity

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-616
Author(s):  
Malcolm D. Arnoult ◽  
Lynne G. Gillfillan ◽  
James W. Voorhees
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Performance Difference ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Continuous Noise ◽  
The Individual

College students were exposed by means of headphones to two kinds of aircraft noise (helicopter and jet) at three levels of loudness (60, 70, and 80 dB) while engaging in two tests of intelligibility and 12 cognitive tasks. In addition, the annoyingness of the noise was rated on a seven-point scale for each source/loudness combination in each task. Individual-differences measures (embedded figures, locus-of-control, and test anxiety) were also obtained. No performance difference related to noise was obtained in any of the cognitive tasks, and using the individual-difference measures as co-variates made no difference. In a second experiment a limited set of five modified cognitive tasks was used, again without producing any significant results. Finally, a third experiment utilized four cognitive tasks, a perceptual-motor task (Rotary Tracking) and intermittent rather than continuous noise, and yielded the same results. It was concluded that the failure to find performance differences on the cognitive tasks was probably due to the fact that concern for the welfare of the subjects limited the stimuli to loudness levels that were too low to be effective.

Studying the effect of Heartfulness Meditation on Brain Activity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pallavi Gupta ◽  
Jahnavi Mundluru ◽  
Arth Patel ◽  
Shankar Pathmakanthan
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Creative Thinking ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Logical Thinking ◽  
Meditation Practice ◽  
Guided Relaxation

Long-term meditation practice is increasingly recognized for its health benefits. Heartfulness meditation represents a quickly growing set of practices that is largely unstudied. Heartfulness is unique in that it is a meditation practice that focuses on the Heart. It helps individuals to connect to themselves and find inner peace. In order to deepen ones’ meditation, the element of Yogic Energy (‘pranahuti’) is used as an aid during meditation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether consistent EEG effects of Heartfulness meditation be observed in sixty experienced Heartfulness meditators, each of whom attended 6 testing sessions. In each session, participants performed three conditions: a set of cognitive tasks, Heartfulness guided relaxation, and Heartfulness Meditation. Participants during the cognitive portion were required to answer questions that tested their logical thinking (Cognitive Reflective Test) and creative thinking skills. (Random Associative Test) The order of condition was randomly counter balanced across six sessions. It was hypothesized that Heartfulness meditation would bring increased alpha (8-12Hz) brain activity during meditation and better cognitive task scores in sessions where the tasks followed meditation. Heartfulness meditation produces a significant decrease in brain activity (as indexed by higher levels of alpha during the early stages of meditation. As the meditation progressed deep meditative state (as indexed by higher levels of delta) were observed until the end of the condition.  This lead to the conclusion that Heartfulness Meditation produces a state that is clearly distinguishable from effortful problem solving. 

Skateboard Injuries

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070-1071
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Product Safety ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Consumer Product ◽  
Consumer Product Safety Commission ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Consumer Product Safety ◽  
Current Outbreak

Skateboards are again increasing in popularity (Time, June 6, 1988, pp 90-91). Not surprisingly, the increased use of skateboards is accompanied by a resurgence in the number of related injuries. Pediatricians informed about skateboard injuries can help to prevent needless injury. In the last skateboard injury epidemic, the annual incidence of injuries peaked at 150,000 in 1977. The rate subsequently decreased to 16,000 injuries in 1983. Since that time, skateboard injuries had increased sharply: 19,000 in 1984, 37,000 in 1985, and 81,000 in 1986. According to data from the Consumer Product Safety Commission, in 1984 and 1985, 36 children are known to have died as a result of injuries sustained while riding skateboards. Analysis of Consumer Product Safety Commission data from 1984 to 1985 indicates the following salient features of the current outbreak. Of recorded skateboard injuries during this period: (1) 88% involved skateboarders less than 20 years of age, 45% involved 10- to 14-year-old children; (2) 88% involving skateboarders younger than 20 years of age involved boys or young men; (3) 74% were to the extremities, 17% to the head and neck, and 9% to the trunk; (4) severe injuries were uncommon; moderate injuries were most common in all age groups. However, the severity of injuries increased with decreasing age. Moderate or severe injuries accounted for half of the injuries to children older than 9 years, two thirds of the injuries to children 5 to 9 years, and more than three fourths of the injuries to children 0 to 4 years of age; (5) the likelihood of injury to the head and neck increased as the age of the injured decreased.

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