scholarly journals Features of structure of nerve motor endings in the tongue of normal and dehydrated rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
S. L. Popel’ ◽  
О. Т. Bylоus ◽  
I. V. Bylous
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Tongue Muscles ◽  
Active Zones ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue

This study aims at an analytical review of scientific literature on the structure of the tongue of different animals and humans, and also at studying the features of the structure of motor nerve endings in the tongue muscles of healthy rats and rats that have undergone prolonged dehydration. Over 14 days, using histological methods we studied neuromuscular endings and peculiarities of their distribution in the tongue muscles of 25 mature rats, both in normal condition and under dehydration. The analysis of the results showed different structures of differentiated motor nerve endings among the rats in normal condition, and also revealed the peculiarities and quantitative characteristics of the components of the neuromuscular endings in relation to the duration of dehydration. The type of neuromuscular ending reflects the morphologically interdependent structure of efferent neuromediators in relation to a part of the tongue. This may determine the nature of the processes of prehension and chewing of food. The structure of neuromuscular endings of the muscles of the tip of the tongue is the most differentiated, they are more numerous and larger. The tip of the tongue of rats had a higher number of nuclei and larger size of the neuromuscular endings of the muscles than the other parts. This, perhaps, is determined by the speed of the movements of the tongue due to eating different foods. The number of nuclei and the size of neuromuscular endings are characterized by significant variations in the pattern of axon branching, which is determined by the anatomical, physiological and biomechanical conditions of functioning of the rats’ tongue muscles. The quantative analysis of structural peculiarities of axomycin synapses showed that muscle fibers of the tongue have neuroumuscular endings with regulated synaptoarchitectonics which is characterized by the sprouting of the motor axon, a certain length and width of the active zones, number and size of the synaptic folds, number of terminal neurolemmocytes, and the peculiarity in structure of the subsynaptic area. Muscle fibers in the body of the tongue have the most complex special distribution of presynaptic pole of axomuscular synapses, they also have the highest number of active zones and synaptic folds. We determined the main reactive and destructive processes while distinguishing certain phases of morphologically-functional changes in the organism under total dehydration. A complex analysis of the morpho-functional characteristics of the peripheral nervous apparatus of the tongue of rats subject to total dehydration helped reveal the structural rearrangement of the neuromuscular endings over certain periods. During first three days after the beginning of the dehydration modeling, a structural adaptation was manifested in the reorganization of the neuromuscular endings, which is followed by their destructive changes in 6–9 days, and a phase of exhaustion with disorders in the fine architectonics of neuromuscular endings after 14 days. The article discusses the peculiarities of the efferent part of the motor unit of the tongue of rats subject to prolonged dehydration. 

scholarly journals Features of structure of nerve motor endings in the tongue of normal and dehydrated rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-342
Author(s):  
S. L. Popel’ ◽  
О. Т. Bylоus ◽  
I. V. Bylous
Keyword(s):  
Normal Condition ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Tongue Muscles ◽  
Active Zones ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue

This study aims at an analytical review of scientific literature on the structure of the tongue of different animals and humans, and also at studying the features of the structure of motor nerve endings in the tongue muscles of healthy rats and rats that have undergone prolonged dehydration. Over 14 days, using histological methods we studied neuromuscular endings and peculiarities of their distribution in the tongue muscles of 25 mature rats, both in normal condition and under dehydration. The analysis of the results showed different structures of differentiated motor nerve endings among the rats in normal condition, and also revealed the peculiarities and quantitative characteristics of the components of the neuromuscular endings in relation to the duration of dehydration. The type of neuromuscular ending reflects the morphologically interdependent structure of efferent neuromediators in relation to a part of the tongue. This may determine the nature of the processes of prehension and chewing of food. The structure of neuromuscular endings of the muscles of the tip of the tongue is the most differentiated, they are more numerous and larger. The tip of the tongue of rats had a higher number of nuclei and larger size of the neuromuscular endings of the muscles than the other parts. This, perhaps, is determined by the speed of the movements of the tongue due to eating different foods. The number of nuclei and the size of neuromuscular endings are characterized by significant variations in the pattern of axon branching, which is determined by the anatomical, physiological and biomechanical conditions of functioning of the rats’ tongue muscles. The quantative analysis of structural peculiarities of axomycin synapses showed that muscle fibers of the tongue have neuroumuscular endings with regulated synaptoarchitectonics which is characterized by the sprouting of the motor axon, a certain length and width of the active zones, number and size of the synaptic folds, number of terminal neurolemmocytes, and the peculiarity in structure of the subsynaptic area. Muscle fibers in the body of the tongue have the most complex special distribution of presynaptic pole of axomuscular synapses, they also have the highest number of active zones and synaptic folds. We determined the main reactive and destructive processes while distinguishing certain phases of morphologically-functional changes in the organism under total dehydration. A complex analysis of the morpho-functional characteristics of the peripheral nervous apparatus of the tongue of rats subject to total dehydration helped reveal the structural rearrangement of the neuromuscular endings over certain periods. During first three days after the beginning of the dehydration modeling, a structural adaptation was manifested in the reorganization of the neuromuscular endings, which is followed by their destructive changes in 6–9 days, and a phase of exhaustion with disorders in the fine architectonics of neuromuscular endings after 14 days. The article discusses the peculiarities of the efferent part of the motor unit of the tongue of rats subject to prolonged dehydration. 

TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM-INDUCED CONTRACTIONS OF FROG'S SKELETAL MUSCLE: II. EFFECTS ON INTRAMUSCULAR NERVE ENDINGS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 833-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Beaulieu ◽  
G. B. Frank ◽  
F. Inoue
Keyword(s):  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Electrical Stimulus ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Nerve Endings ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Action Potential Firing ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Potential Firing

By recording simultaneously from muscle fibers and from the ventral root supplying the muscle, it was found that low concentrations of tetraethylammonium (TEA) caused the muscle fibers to fire without antidromic impulses being conducted to the ventral root. Exposing the muscles to higher TEA concentrations induced action potential firing in both the muscle and the ventral root. d-Tubocurarine prevented the muscle fiber activity but did not modify the ventral root firing. The application of a single supramaximal electrical stimulus to the sciatic nerve resulted in an afterdischarge of the muscle fibers either alone or simultaneous with an afterdischarge of fibers in the ventral root. By recording from fine intramuscular motor nerve fibers with extracellular glass capillary microelectrodes while simultaneously recording from the ventral root, it was demonstrated that TEA could cause these fine intramuscular motor nerve fibers to fire without the activity being conducted antidromically to the ventral root. A consideration of the patterns of TEA-induced electrical activity and afterdischarging led to the suggestion that TEA causes these effects by displacing calcium from binding sites on the motor nerve endings, making the latter hyperexcitable and unstable and thereby causing afterdischarging and 'spontaneous' activity.

Dynamical Peculiarities of Concatenational Changes in Functional Cardiovascular Parameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (82) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eurelija Venskaitytė ◽  
Jonas Poderys ◽  
Tadas Česnaitis
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Functional State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
St Segment ◽  
Standard Lead

Research  background  and  hypothesis.  Traditional  time  series  analysis  techniques,  which  are  also  used  for the analysis of cardiovascular signals, do not reveal the relationship between the  changes in the indices recorded associated with the multiscale and chaotic structure of the tested object, which allows establishing short-and long-term structural and functional changes.Research aim was to reveal the dynamical peculiarities of interactions of cardiovascular system indices while evaluating the functional state of track-and-field athletes and Greco-Roman wrestlers.Research methods. Twenty two subjects participated in the study, their average age of 23.5 ± 1.7 years. During the study standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) were recorded. The following ECG parameters were used in the study: duration of RR interval taken from the II standard lead, duration of QRS complex, duration of JT interval and amplitude of ST segment taken from the V standard lead.Research  results.  Significant  differences  were  found  between  inter-parametric  connections  of  ST  segment amplitude and JT interval duration at the pre and post-training testing. Observed changes at different hierarchical levels of the body systems revealed inadequate cardiac metabolic processes, leading to changes in the metabolic rate of the myocardium and reflected in the dynamics of all investigated interactions.Discussion and conclusions. It has been found that peculiarities of the interactions of ECG indices interactions show the exposure of the  functional changes in the body at the onset of the workload. The alterations of the functional state of the body and the signs of fatigue, after athletes performed two high intensity training sessions per day, can be assessed using the approach of the evaluation of interactions between functional variables. Therefore the evaluation of the interactions of physiological signals by using time series analysis methods is suitable for the observation of these processes and the functional state of the body.Keywords: electrocardiogram, time series, functional state.

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

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