Vitamin Update

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
John N. Udall ◽  
Harry L. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Biochemical Measurements ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Pediatricians should be aware of the recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for vitamins. They also should have knowledge of the symptoms and signs of vitamin deficiencies and excesses so as to be able to institute treatment before severe and permanent functional impairment of vital organs occurs. In this article, the RDAs for vitamins will be discussed, followed by an update of fatsoluble and water-soluble vitamins. Recommended Daily Allowances (Table 1) In principle, the RDAs are based on various kinds of evidence: 1) nutrient intakes of fully breast-fed infants and of apparently healthy people from their food supply; 2) studies of subjects maintained on diets containing low or deficient levels of a nutrient, followed by correction of the deficit with measured amounts of the nutrient; 3) nutrient balance studies that measure nutrient status in relation to intake; 4) biochemical measurements of tissue saturation or adequacy of molecular function in relation to nutrient intake; 5) epidemiologic observations of nutrient status in populations in relation to intake; and 6) in some cases, extrapolation of data from animal experiments. In practice, there are limited data on which to base the RDAs.1 It should be recognized that all RDAs are somewhat arbitrary and generally on the high side.

PROGRESS OF RESEARCH IN NUTRITIONAL THERAPY FOR NEW CORONAVIRUS INFECTION (NARRATIVE REVIEW)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Nutritional Therapy ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Positive Effect

Objective: In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal nutrient status to strengthen the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis, focusing on the most relevant constituents that reduce inflammation and Provide a holistic perspective nutritional therapy the new coronavirus (covid-19) to assist researchers and improving areas for future response plans to deal with these diseases, and to provide a summary of the nutrients that help stop their development. Methods: This is a theoretical study conducted through a comprehensive review of the literature and research in the research engines (PubMed), (Read) and (ELSEVIER) and other new studies published in Chinese; we obtained information nutritional treatment who contributed to increasing the immunity of patients, due to the lack of treatment for this disease. Results: Until now no effective drug for the treatment of new coronavirus, pneumonia (covid-19) has been found. The development of vaccines is still in animal experiments. Recommendations and measures to control the spread of infection and nutritional therapy are still the only way to prevent the spread of covid-19 virus. Because, People relied only on treatments that were effective on previous viruses, for example those that have been used during the SARS and MERS epidemics. Discussion: The Covid-19 virus remains a global concern and more research is needed to control it. In addition, people need to know the nutrition ingredients that have a positive effect on increasing the immunity of the human body.

CHANGING PRESCRIBING CULTURE – A FOCUS ON CODEINE POSTPARTUM

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. e2.12-e2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Al-Adhami ◽  
Karen Whitfield ◽  
Angela North
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Successful Outcome ◽  
Postpartum Women ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Key Stakeholders ◽  
Postpartum Analgesia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Breast Fed

AimTo eliminate the prescribing of codeine and codeine combination products postpartum to improve safety in breast fed infants.Concerns have been raised over the use of codeine and codeine combination products during breast feeding after the death of a neonate whose mother had been prescribed codeine postpartum. High concentrations of morphine were found in the infant's blood and this was attributed to the mother being a CYP2D6 ultrafast metaboliser.1 MethodsThe evidence surrounding the safety of codeine and codeine combination products in children, during the postpartum period and specifically for breast fed infants was collated. The evidence was presented to key stakeholders including obstetricians, midwives, safety and quality representatives, nurse unit managers and acute pain team representatives. Postpartum analgesia was discussed and an agreed protocol developed. Training and education sessions were undertaken to obstetric medical and nursing staff.ResultsThe evidence that was presented to key stakeholders included:▸ Reports over the safety concerns surrounding the use of codeine and codeine combination products during breast feeding▸ Guidelines and contraindications about the use of codeine in children that had been issued by international regulatory bodies (US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency).▸ Recommendations from the Australian Medicines Handbook to avoid in breast feeding2 ▸ Recommendations from Hale's Medications and Mothers Milk that reported limited data and had made a recent re-classification from L3 (limited data–probably compatible) to L4 (limited data–possibly hazardous).3 Before presenting the evidence to key stakeholders and undertaking training to nursing and medical staff, more than 90% of postpartum women were prescribed a codeine containing product as part of their ‘as required’ analgesic regimen.Since the intervention, codeine combination products have now been almost completely eliminated on medication charts for postpartum women (less than 5%). Those that are prescribed are ceased once highlighted to medical staff. The obstetric pharmacist now presents a session on postpartum analgesia at every new resident medical officer orientation outlining suitable medications to prescribe. In addition all new pharmacists to the women's and new born's team receive training about postpartum analgesia.ConclusionThis study highlights the impact that can be achieved when health care professionals work together to change the culture and prescribing habits in a hospital setting, to enhance patient safety. Evaluating the evidence and presenting to stakeholders as well as providing ongoing training and education to medical, nursing and pharmacy staff are all essential to a successful outcome.

Water-Soluble Vitamin D in Human Milk: A Myth

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-499
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Clinical Observation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Water Soluble Vitamin ◽  
The University ◽  
Breast Fed

I was happy to read the report from Greer et al.1 This biochemically confirms the clinical observation that the majority of children who develop clinical rickets are breast-fed. During the ten years, 1970-1979, I have seen six cases of clinical rickets. All of these infants were breast-fed.2 The only exception has been the rickets of prematurity. I should like to commend, again, the report from the Department of Pediatrics and Biochemistry of the University of Wisconsin.

Kernicterus in Otherwise Healthy, Breast-fed Term Newborns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 730-733 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Jeffrey Maisels ◽  
Thomas B. Newman
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Know How ◽  
Neurologic Sequelae ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Objective. To document the occurrence of classical kernicterus in full-term, otherwise healthy, breast-fed infants. Methods. We reviewed the files of 22 cases referred to us by attorneys throughout the United States during a period of 18 years, in which neonatal hyperbilirubinemia was alleged to be responsible for brain damage in apparently healthy, nonimmunized, full-term infants. To qualify for inclusion, these infants had to be born at 37 or more weeks' gestation, manifest the classic signs of acute bilirubin encephalopathy, and have the typical neurologic sequelae. Results. Six infants, born between 1979 and 1991, met the criteria for inclusion. Their peak recorded bilirubin levels occurred 4 to 10 days after birth and ranged from 39.0 to 49.7 mg/dL. All had one or more exchange transfusions. One infant had an elevated reticulocyte count (9%) but no other evidence of hemolysis. The other infants had no evidence of hemolysis, and no cause was found for the hyperbilirubinemia (other than breast-feeding). Conclusions. Although very rare, classic kernicterus can occur in apparently healthy, full-term, breast-fed newborns who do not have hemolytic disease or any other discernible cause for their jaundice. Such extreme elevations of bilirubin are rare, and we do not know how often infants with similar serum bilirubin levels escape harm. We also have no reliable method for identifying these infants early in the neonatal period. Closer follow-up after birth and discharge from the hospital might have prevented some of these outcomes, but rare, sporadic cases of kernicterus might not be preventable unless we adopt an approach to follow-up and surveillance of the newborn that is significantly more rigorous than has been practiced. The feasibility, risks, costs, and benefits of this type of intervention need to be determined.

scholarly journals Nutrient intake and biochemical status of non-institutionalized elderly subjects in Norwich: comparison with younger adults and adolescents from the same general community

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. A. Wright ◽  
Susan Southon ◽  
Angela L. Bailey ◽  
P. M. Finglas ◽  
Susan Maisey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutathione Peroxidase ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Institutionalized Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Biochemical Status ◽  
Biochemical Measurements

The Department of Health (1992) has recently stated that ‘Nutritional reviews concerning elderly people are especially constrained by lack of data’, and that much of the emphasis in the nutritional literature has been placed on the study of institutionalized, and often chronically ill, elderly subjects rather than the non-institutionalized elderly who form the majority of this population. The present study presents information on the dietary intake and biochemical status of non-institutionalized elderly subjects (68–73 and 74–90 years) and compares such data with those obtained for adult (20–64 years) and adolescent (13–14 years) populations living within the same community. Nutrient intakes and appropriate biochemical measurements of nutrient status, performed on fasting blood samples, were statistically examined and have been discussed in relation to potential age-related influences. The nutrient intake of elderly subjects was on a par with adolescents of corresponding sex but generally lower than that of adult counterparts. There were several significant differences in biochemical measurements of nutrient status between age groups. In general these did not suggest progressive age-related trends. However, there were significant suggestions of age-related increases in whole-blood glutathione peroxidase (EC1·11·1·9) activity, serum ferritin, plasma cholesterol, LDL and triacylglycerol concentrations and decreases in plasma HDL and ascorbic acid concentrations. The significance of these differences is discussed. An age-related difference (suggestive of a decline) in vitamin C status together with a difference (suggestive of an increase) in glutathione peroxidase activity may indicate an imbalance in the regulation of O2-derived free-radicals with ageing. These observations are worthy of a further study in the light of current thinking which relates the induction of a number of diseases to oxidative damage.

scholarly journals Determining Nutrient Diagnostic Norms for Greenhouse Roses

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (11) ◽  
pp. 1403-1410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnn Jairo Franco Hermida ◽  
Martha Cecilia Henao Toro ◽  
Miguel Guzmán ◽  
Raul I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Labor Inputs ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Nutritional Balance

Greenhouse-grown cut roses are an economically important and intensive horticultural cropping system receiving large water, fertilizer, agrochemicals, and labor inputs. This study was conducted to establish and validate norms for the nutrient diagnosis techniques Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) for cut roses (Rosa spp. L.) growing on soil beds within greenhouses in the Bogotá Plateau, Colombia. Information used in this study was obtained from a database of plant tissue and soil analyses, including 1914 foliar analyses of different rose cultivars grafted on the rootstock R. × ‘Natal Briar’. Theoretical validation proved that the generated norms are suitable for crop nutrient status diagnosis, allowing for the correlation of nutrient balance indices with crop flower productivities across a range of cultivars and plant ages. Analysis of the results provided by both DRIS and CND procedures indicated that element relations associated with nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium, manganese, and boron had a higher influence on the nutritional balance and productivity of roses growing under the conditions of the studied region. In addition, it was preliminarily determined that the use of these diagnostic norms could be extended to rose crops growing under other, and different, rootstocks, production and environmental conditions, and management.

Incidence of Vitamin Deficiency after Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in a University Hospital Setting

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 1196-1204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald H. Clements ◽  
Venkata G. Katasani ◽  
Rajendra Palepu ◽  
Ruth R. Leeth ◽  
Teresa D. Leath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Bypass ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Vitamin Deficiency ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Vitamin Deficiencies ◽  
Black Patients

Vitamin deficiency after gastric bypass surgery is a known complication. The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of vitamin deficiency after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a university hospital setting. All patients who underwent laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass from January 2002 to December 2004 and completed a 1- and 2-year follow-up after surgery were selected. Of the total 493 patients, 318 (65%) had vitamin results at 1-year follow-up. Of the 366 eligible for the 2-year follow-up, 141 (39%) had vitamin results. Patients were further grouped based on gender, race, and Roux limb length, and incidence of vitamin deficiencies were studied. The incidence of vitamin A (retinol) deficiency was 11 per cent, vitamin C was 34.6 per cent, vitamin D25OH was 7 per cent, vitamin B1 was 18.3 per cent, vitamin B2 was 13.6 per cent, vitamin B6 was 17.6 per cent, and vitamin B12 was 3.6 per cent 12 months after surgery. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of vitamin deficiencies between 1 and 2 years. In univariate and multivariate logistic regression of 1- and 2-year follow up, black patients (vitamins A, D, and B1 for 1 year and B1 and B6 for 2 years) and women (vitamin C at 1 year) were more likely to have vitamin deficiencies. Vitamin deficiencies after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass are more common and involve more vitamins, even those that are water soluble, than previously appreciated. Black patients tend to have more deficiencies than other groups. The bariatric surgeon should be committed to the long-term follow-up and care of these patients. Further prospective and randomized studies are necessary to provide appropriate guidelines for supplementation.

scholarly journals Post-concussion states: How do we improve our patients’ outcomes? An Australian perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 205970022096031
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Thomas ◽  
Melinda Fitzgerald ◽  
Gill Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

There is limited data surrounding incidence and prevalence of concussion and the resulting post-concussion states. This creates difficulty when investigating ways to optimise patient management. It is proposed that a registry of patients presenting with symptoms and signs after a concussion, as part of a large scale TBI registry across Australia, would provide a starting point for future research with a view to improving the outcomes of patients experiencing symptoms and signs after concussion.

scholarly journals Enteropathogen carriage by healthy individuals living in an area with poor sanitation

1983 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Figueroa ◽  
M. Troncoso ◽  
M. Araya ◽  
J. Espinoza ◽  
O. Brunser
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Recipient Strain ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Carriage ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Apparently Healthy

SUMMARYFaecal carriage of bacterial enteropathogens (enteropathogenicEscherichia coli(EPEC), shigellae and salmonellae) was studied in 265 individuals: 65 infants 3–6 months of age (50 bottle-fed and 15 breast-fed), 100 school-age children 8–10 years of age and 100 adults 21–50 years of age. All were apparently healthy, did not have gastrointestinal symptoms, had not received antibiotics in the proceding fortnight and were not malnourished. Enteropathogens were isolated from the faeces of 24 individuals (9–1%). Cultures were positive for enteropathogens in 20% of the infants (both breast- and bottle-fed), 8% of school-age children and 3% of the adults. EPEC was the most frequent isolate. Twelve different serotypes were detected. The highest recoveries wereE. coli026: K60 and 044·K74. Shigella was detected only in school-age children (2%) and salmonella only in adults (1%).Campylobacter jejuniandYersinia enterocoliticawere studied only in the school-age children: there was one isolate of each of them. Most enteropathogens isolated were susceptible to the majority of the antibiotics tested. Only fourE. colistrains, isolated from bottle-fed infants, could be considered multi-resistant. Two of the strains wereE. coli044: K74 and 020a020c: K61. The remainder wereE. coli0111: K58 and were capable of transferring some of their antibiotic resistance traits to a recipient strain.

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