Olfactory Classical Conditioning in Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina M. Sullivan ◽  
Suzanne Taborsky-Barba ◽  
Raffael Mendoza ◽  
Alison Itano ◽  
Michael Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Floral Odor ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Conditioned Responding ◽  
Positive Properties

One-day-old, awake infants underwent an olfactory classical conditioning procedure to assess associative learning within the olfactory system of newborns. Experimental infants received ten 30-second pairings of a novel olfactory conditioned stimulus (a citrus odor of neutral value) and tactile stimulation provided by stroking as the reinforcing unconditioned stimulus (a stimulus with positive properties). Control babies received only the odor, only the stroking, or the stroking followed by the odor presentation. The next day, all infants, in either the awake or sleep state, were given five 30-second presentations of the odor. Results were analyzed from video tapes scored by an observer unaware of the infants' training condition. The results indicate that only those infants who received the forward pairings of the odor and stroking exhibited conditioned responding (head turning toward the odor) to the citrus odor. The performance of the conditioned response was not affected by the state of the baby during testing, because both awake and sleeping infants exhibited conditioned responses. Furthermore, the expression of the conditioned response was odor specific; a novel floral odor presented during testing did not elicit conditioned responses in the experimental babies. These results suggest that complex associative olfactory learning is seen in newborns within the first 48 hours of life. These baseline findings may serve as normative data against which observation from neonates at risk for neurological sequelae may be compared.

Conditioned Responses towards Measures Relating to the Capital Cost of Short Sellers: Evidence from Taiwan

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 1450019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsiang Chang ◽  
Wen-Shan Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Capital Cost ◽  
Margin Requirements ◽  
Short Sellers ◽  
Short Sale ◽  
Conditioned Responses

This study draws on classical conditioning to explain how investors react to short sale-related measures. Our results reveal that measures related to the capital cost of short sellers cause a conditioned response among investors. This explains how investors actually perceive and relate to short sale-related measures and shows that many measures fail to achieve the expected results. Additionally, the conditioned response to measures related to the capital cost of short sellers reveals investor sentiment about the adjustment of short sale margin requirements.

Asymmetric Reinforcement Learning and Conditioned Responses During the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Taiwan

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 1750010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsiang Chang ◽  
Shan-Shan Chen ◽  
Song-Lin Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Learning Behavior ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Conditioned Responses

This study applies self-developed models using standardized regression analysis to investigate the learning behavior associated with investor sentiment and psychological pitfalls during the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis. The empirical results, which draw on reinforcement learning and classical conditioning perspectives, reveal asymmetric reinforcement learning behavior because investors report a higher tendency to avoid past unfavorable outcomes rather than repeat past favorable outcomes. The evidence also supports the conditioned response of psychological pitfalls to the Taiwanese government’s stimulus measures during 2007–2009; however, no concrete evidence supports the conditioned response of investor sentiment.

Conditioned responses in a decorticate dog to acoustic, thermal, and tactile stimulation.

1936 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Girden ◽  
Fred A. Mettler ◽  
Glen Finch ◽  
Elmer Culler
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Conditioned Responses

scholarly journals Cerebellar Theta-Burst Stimulation Impairs Memory Consolidation in Eyeblink Classical Conditioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Monaco ◽  
Lorenzo Rocchi ◽  
Francesca Ginatempo ◽  
Egidio D'Angelo ◽  
John C. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Theta Burst Stimulation ◽  
Burst Stimulation ◽  
Deep Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Significant Impairment ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
The Right ◽  
Theta Burst

Associative learning of sensorimotor contingences, as it occurs in eyeblink classical conditioning (EBCC), is known to involve the cerebellum, but its mechanism remains controversial. EBCC involves a sequence of learning processes which are thought to occur in the cerebellar cortex and deep cerebellar nuclei. Recently, the extinction phase of EBCC has been shown to be modulated after one week by cerebellar continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS). Here, we asked whether cerebellar cTBS could affect retention and reacquisition of conditioned responses (CRs) tested immediately after conditioning. We also investigated a possible lateralized cerebellar control of EBCC by applying cTBS on both the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. Both right and left cerebellar cTBSs induced a statistically significant impairment in retention and new acquisition of conditioned responses (CRs), the disruption effect being marginally more effective when the left cerebellar hemisphere was stimulated. These data support a model in which cTBS impairs retention and reacquisition of CR in the cerebellum, possibly by interfering with the transfer of memory to the deep cerebellar nuclei.

Dissociation of Appetitive Overexpectation and Extinction in the Infralimbic Cortex

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3687-3701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda P P Lay ◽  
Melissa Nicolosi ◽  
Alexandra A Usypchuk ◽  
Guillem R Esber ◽  
Mihaela D Iordanova
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Change ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
Behavioral Modification ◽  
Test Drug ◽  
Infralimbic Cortex ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Conditioned Responding ◽  
Drug Free

Abstract Behavioral change is paramount to adaptive behavior. Two ways to achieve alterations in previously established behavior are extinction and overexpectation. The infralimbic (IL) portion of the medial prefrontal cortex controls the inhibition of previously established aversive behavioral responses in extinction. The role of the IL cortex in behavioral modification in appetitive Pavlovian associations remains poorly understood. Here, we seek to determine if the IL cortex modulates overexpectation and extinction of reward learning. Using overexpectation or extinction to achieve a reduction in behavior, the present findings uncover a dissociable role for the IL cortex in these paradigms. Pharmacologically inactivating the IL cortex left overexpectation intact. In contrast, pre-training manipulations in the IL cortex prior to extinction facilitated the reduction in conditioned responding but led to a disrupted extinction retrieval on test drug-free. Additional studies confirmed that this effect is restricted to the IL and not dependent on the dorsally-located prelimbic cortex. Together, these results show that the IL cortex underlies extinction but not overexpectation-driven reduction in behavior, which may be due to regulating the expression of conditioned responses influenced by stimulus–response associations rather than stimulus–stimulus associations.

scholarly journals Relation between Conditioned Stimulus-Elicit Responses and Unconditioned Response Diminution in Long-Interval Human Heart-Rate Classical Conditioning

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
José L. Marcos ◽  
Jaime Redondo
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Human Heart ◽  
Neutral Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Response ◽  
Heart Rate Deceleration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Geometrical Shapes ◽  
Rate Deceleration

Previous research on electrodermal conditioning suggests that the conditioned diminution of the unconditioned response (UR) has an associative basis. The aim of this experiment was to test whether this phenomenon also occurs in heart rate (HR) classical conditioning. For this purpose, a differential classical conditioning was performed. The conditioned stimuli (CSs) were geometrical shapes (the CS+ was a square and the CS− was a triangle) displayed on a computer screen and a burst of white noise was used as unconditioned stimulus (US). For analysis of the conditioned response (CR) components, an interval between CS+ and US of 8 seconds was used. After the acquisition phase, participants were tested using trials with the US preceded either by a CS+, a CS−, or a neutral stimulus (a circle). The results showed conditioned diminution of the UR and suggest that the second heart rate deceleration component (D2) is responsible for the occurrence of this phenomenon.

Effects of Pentobarbital and Isoflurane on Conditioned Learning after Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia in Rabbits

2000 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Young Kwon ◽  
Andreas Bacher ◽  
Donald J. Deyo ◽  
John F. Disterhoft ◽  
Tatsuo Uchida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Eyeblink Response ◽  
Trace Interval ◽  
Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Isoflurane Group ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Background The acquisition of a conditioned eyeblink response has been used extensively to study the neurologic substrates of learning and memory. We examined the effects of the anesthetics isoflurane and pentobarbital, or hypothermia (30 degrees C), on the ability of rabbits to acquire an eyeblink conditioned response after 6.5 min of cerebral ischemia. Methods New Zealand white rabbits (n = 48) were randomly assigned to sham, normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, or pentobarbital groups. In the normothermic, hypothermic, isoflurane, and pentobarbital groups, 6.5 min of global cerebral ischemia was produced. In animals randomized to the isoflurane and pentobarbital groups, a pattern of burst suppression was achieved on the electroencephalogram before the start of the ischemic episode. Animals in the hypothermia group were cooled to 30 degrees C before ischemia. Seven days after ischemia, eyeblink training was started using an audible tone presented for 100 ms as the conditioned stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus was an air puff directed at the cornea. The delay between the end of conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus (the trace interval) was 300 ms in duration. A conditioned response was defined as an eyeblink that was initiated during the trace interval. Eighty trials per day and 15 days of training were delivered. Results Neurologic deficits were greatest in the normothermia group, and these animals also had fewer conditioned responses than those in the sham, hypothermia, or pentobarbital groups. Animals in the isoflurane group had an intermediate number of conditioned responses that was not significantly different from the normothermia group. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a brief episode of cerebral ischemia results in the impairment of associative learning. Hypothermia and burst-suppressive doses of pentobarbital were able to improve neurobehavioral outcome as measured by ability to acquire a trace conditioned response.

Classical conditioning of ventilatory responses in humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gallego ◽  
P. Perruchet
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Conditioning Experiment ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Experimental Group

A classical conditioning experiment, in which an auditory stimulus was paired with a hypoxic stimulus, was carried out on 34 normal subjects assigned to two groups (experimental and control). Each subject took part in one session divided into two phases, acquisition and test. In the acquisition phase, eight hypoxic and eight auditory stimuli were paired in the experimental group and unpaired in the control group. In the test phase, which was identical for the two groups, the hypoxic stimuli were suppressed and three purely auditory stimuli were presented. Significant differences between the two groups in ventilatory response to these auditory stimuli provided evidence for conditioning. In the control group, no significant changes were elicited by the auditory stimuli, whereas a conditioned increase in total cycle duration was observed in the experimental group. The conditioned response closely resembled the first component of the hypoxic response. Analysis of the pattern of the conditioned response, along with postexperimental interviews, strongly suggests that this response was not mediated by volitional factors.

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