Conditioned responses in a decorticate dog to acoustic, thermal, and tactile stimulation.

1936 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Girden ◽  
Fred A. Mettler ◽  
Glen Finch ◽  
Elmer Culler
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Conditioned Responses

Olfactory Classical Conditioning in Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina M. Sullivan ◽  
Suzanne Taborsky-Barba ◽  
Raffael Mendoza ◽  
Alison Itano ◽  
Michael Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Sleep State ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Floral Odor ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Conditioned Responding ◽  
Positive Properties

One-day-old, awake infants underwent an olfactory classical conditioning procedure to assess associative learning within the olfactory system of newborns. Experimental infants received ten 30-second pairings of a novel olfactory conditioned stimulus (a citrus odor of neutral value) and tactile stimulation provided by stroking as the reinforcing unconditioned stimulus (a stimulus with positive properties). Control babies received only the odor, only the stroking, or the stroking followed by the odor presentation. The next day, all infants, in either the awake or sleep state, were given five 30-second presentations of the odor. Results were analyzed from video tapes scored by an observer unaware of the infants' training condition. The results indicate that only those infants who received the forward pairings of the odor and stroking exhibited conditioned responding (head turning toward the odor) to the citrus odor. The performance of the conditioned response was not affected by the state of the baby during testing, because both awake and sleeping infants exhibited conditioned responses. Furthermore, the expression of the conditioned response was odor specific; a novel floral odor presented during testing did not elicit conditioned responses in the experimental babies. These results suggest that complex associative olfactory learning is seen in newborns within the first 48 hours of life. These baseline findings may serve as normative data against which observation from neonates at risk for neurological sequelae may be compared.

Hearing in Mice via GSR Audiometry

1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles I. Berlin
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Single Units ◽  
Sensitivity Curve ◽  
Basic Tool ◽  
Eighth Nerve ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Frequency Intensity ◽  
Near Threshold

Hearing in mice has been difficult to measure behaviorally. With GSR as the basic tool, the sensitivity curve to pure tones in mice has been successfully outlined. The most sensitive frequency-intensity combination was 15 000 cps at 0-5 dB re: 0.0002 dyne/cm 2 , with responses noted from 1 000 to beyond 70 000 cps. Some problems of reliability of conditioning were encountered, as well as findings concerning the inverse relationship between the size of GSR to unattenuated tones and the sound pressure necessary to elicit conditioned responses at or near threshold. These data agree well with the sensitivity of single units of the eighth nerve of the mouse.

Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: A role in relapse?

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna R. Childress ◽  
A. Thomas McLellan ◽  
Ronald Ehrman ◽  
Charles P. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Cocaine Dependence ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Classically Conditioned

Empathy Does Not Amplify Vicarious Threat Learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Lane Williams ◽  
Christopher C Conway
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Skin Conductance ◽  
Defensive Response ◽  
Conditioned Stimuli ◽  
Defensive Reaction ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Dispositional Empathy

Clinically significant fears and phobias can be acquired vicariously. Witnessing a demonstrator’s defensive reaction to potentially dangerous objects and situations can instill conditioned threat responses in the observer. The present study concentrates on individual differences in this social learning process. Specifically, we hypothesized that dispositional empathy modulates vicarious threat conditioning. We examined university students’ (N = 150) conditioned threat responding after they observed strangers undergo Pavlovian threat conditioning. There was evidence of a substantial conditioned defensive response (Cohen’s d = 0.66), as indexed by elevated skin conductance reactions during participants’ direct exposure to the vicariously conditioned stimuli. Contrary to expectations, indices of dispositional empathy were weakly related to the size of conditioned responses (median r = .04). Our results confirm that vicarious threat learning can be evaluated experimentally, but they do not support the hypothesis that empathy amplifies this process. The preregistration, stimulus materials, data, and analysis code for this study are available at https://osf.io/h6hm2.

Human Behavior from an Islamic Perspective

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-105
Author(s):  
Fatimah Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Belief System ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Nature Versus Nurture ◽  
Western Psychology ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
The One ◽  
Corrupt Behavior ◽  
Islamic Belief

Western psychology tends to be divisive in dealing with human personality and has been responsible for the nature-versus nurture controversy. On the one hand, it contends that certain corrupt behavior is predetermined by psychological or biological factors from conception—while on the other, it explains behavior as a simplistic series of reinforcements from contingencies and conditioned responses to environmental stimuli. This secular humanistic outlook has produced an ethical relativism that is the current trend in today’s world. This stance is not condemned only by Islam, but also by most religions of the world. This shows that the human nature (fitrah) is still vibrant and dynamic. This article attempts to highlight the importance of the Islamic belief system—which is an integrated and comprehensive way in dealing with human behavior—especially by means of the interaction of nature, nurture, and the spiritual factor in the formation of human behavior.

Effects of Tactile Stimulation on the Sensory, Motor and Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
pp. 106643
Author(s):  
Fatemeh ayoobi ◽  
Parvin khalili ◽  
Hossein azin ◽  
Shohreh Shahrokhabadi ◽  
Mahdieh azin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Sensory Motor

scholarly journals Effect of Tactile Stimulation on Termination and Prevention of Apnea of Prematurity: A Systematic Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie J. E. Cramer ◽  
Janneke Dekker ◽  
Jenny Dankelman ◽  
Steffen C. Pauws ◽  
Stuart B. Hooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Apnea Of Prematurity

scholarly journals The acquisition and generalization of fear of touch

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma E. Biggs ◽  
Ann Meulders ◽  
Amanda L. Kaas ◽  
Rainer Goebel ◽  
Johan W. S. Vlaeyen
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Spontaneous Pain ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulation ◽  
Differential Acquisition ◽  
New Locations ◽  
Conditioned Responses ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Post Hoc

AbstractObjectivesContemporary fear-avoidance models of chronic pain posit that fear of pain, and overgeneralization of fear to non-threatening stimuli is a potential pathway to chronic pain. While increasing experimental evidence supports this hypothesis, a comprehensive investigation requires testing in multiple modalities due to the diversity of symptomatology among individuals with chronic pain. In the present study we used an established tactile fear conditioning paradigm as an experimental model of allodynia and spontaneous pain fluctuations, to investigate whether stimulus generalization occurs resulting in fear of touch spreading to new locations.MethodsIn our paradigm, innocuous touch is presented either paired (predictable context) or unpaired (unpredictable context) with a painful electrocutaneous stimulus (pain-US). In the predictable context, vibrotactile stimulation to the index or little finger was paired with the pain-US (CS+), whilst stimulation of the other finger was never paired with pain (CS−). In the unpredictable context, vibrotactile stimulation to the index and little fingers of the opposite hand (CS1 and CS2) was unpaired with pain, but pain-USs occurred unpredictable during the intertrial interval. During the subsequent generalization phase, we tested the spreading of conditioned responses (self-reported fear of touch and pain expectancy) to the (middle and ring) fingers between the CS+ and CS−, and between the CS1 and CS2.ResultsDifferential fear acquisition was evident in the predictable context from increased self-reported pain expectancy and self-reported fear for the CS + compared to the CS−. However, expectancy and fear ratings to the novel generalization stimuli (GS+ and GS−) were comparable to the responses elicited by the CS−. Participants reported equal levels of pain expectancy and fear to the CS1 and CS2 in the unpredictable context. However, the acquired fear did not spread in this context either: participants reported less pain expectancy and fear to the GS1 and GS2 than to the CS1 and CS2. As in our previous study, we did not observe differential acquisition in the startle responses.ConclusionsWhilst our findings for the acquisition of fear of touch replicate the results from our previous study (Biggs et al., 2017), there was no evidence of fear generalization. We discuss the limitations of the present study, with a primary focus on procedural issues that were further investigated with post-hoc analyses, concluding that the present results do not show support for the hypothesis that stimulus generalization underlies spreading of fear of touch to new locations, and discuss how this may be the consequence of a context change that prevented transfer of acquisition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document