THE INCIDENCE OF BREAST FEEDING IN HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-320
Author(s):  
KATHERINE BAIN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Nation Wide Survey

Data comprising the first nation-wide survey of the incidence of breast feeding in hospitals in the United States are presented. More than two-thirds of all hospitals of 25 or more beds admitting women for delivery are included in the study. Coverage was equally good for all regions, for urban and rural communities, and for small, medium size, and large hospitals. For the United States as a whole, one-third of the infants were weaned at the time of discharge from the hospital and two-thirds were on breast or mixed feedings. A smaller percentage of breast feeding occurred in hospitals in or near metropolitan areas, as contrasted with areas removed from metropolitan centers. A lower percentage of breast feeding occurred in medium-sized hospitals as contrasted with small or large hospitals. There are striking regional differences, in the northeast the percent of infants on bottle feeding only—at time of discharge—being 61%, as contrasted with an incidence of 18%, in the southwest and southeast. Among infants discharged from hospital under eight days of age the incidence of breast feeding was higher than among those who remained longer.

Regional differences in gang member identification methods among law enforcement jurisdictions in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-740
Author(s):  
Daniel Scott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
Gang Members ◽  
The West ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Identification Methods

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare gang member identification methods across regions in the United States as reported by law enforcement.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected through surveys with various law enforcement jurisdictions in both urban and rural communities across the United States. Methods of gang member identification were compared across the United States. Region through the use of Ordinal Logistic Regression and Multiple Imputation.FindingsThe results reveal that there are systematic variations in methods of gang member identification across regions in the United States. Specifically, the West is significantly more likely to identify gang members through associations or arrests with known gang members, symbols and self-nomination compared to other regions. The South, Northeast and Midwest regions are significantly more likely to identify gang members through a reliable informant compared to the West.Originality/valueResearch has not compared gang member identification methods across region in the United States or examined how variations in gang member identification methods potentially impact the accuracy of reported gang problems and prevalence.

scholarly journals Transportation Alternatives in Rural Communities: A Feasibility Analysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Lynn L. Reinschmiedt ◽  
Steven W. Murray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Feasibility Analysis ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Vital Element

Transportation is a vital element in our daily lives. Access to jobs, shopping, and other services depends upon some form of transportation. The principal means of transportation in the United States continues to be the automobile. Census figures show that in 1975, 84.7 percent of all workers in this country and 84.5 percent of the workers in non-metropolitan areas used the automobile to get to work (U.S. Bureau of the Census).

Presbyterians, Schisms, and Denominations

2019 ◽  
pp. 274-289
Author(s):  
P. C. Kemeny
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Presbyterian Church ◽  
New School ◽  
Korean Presbyterian Church ◽  
Church Unity ◽  
Korean Presbyterian ◽  
Strong Commitment ◽  
Church Schism

Although Presbyterians have long professed a strong commitment to church unity, Presbyterian denominations have often been divided by schism. Major disagreements over theology have always played a central role in precipitating these schisms. However, class, ethnic, gender, racial, and regional differences and also personal conflicts have often also contributed significantly to schisms. An examination of the 1843 Great Disruption in Scotland, the 1837 Old School–New School Presbyterian Church schism in the United States, the 1903 formation of the Independent Presbyterian Church of Brazil, and the 1952 rupture that led to the establishment of the Korean Presbyterian Church (Kosin) illustrate this argument.

scholarly journals EPID-07. ACCESS TO GLIOBLASTOMA CLINICAL TRIALS FOR RURAL PATIENTS IN THE UNITED STATES FROM 2010–2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii79-ii79
Author(s):  
Kathryn Nevel ◽  
Samuel Capouch ◽  
Lisa Arnold ◽  
Katherine Peters ◽  
Nimish Mohile ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interventional Treatment ◽  
Phase Ii Trials ◽  
Treatment Trials ◽  
Rural Sites ◽  
Rural Patients ◽  
Urban Sites

Abstract BACKGROUND Patients in rural communities have less access to optimal cancer care and clinical trials. For GBM, access to experimental therapies, and consideration of a clinical trial is embedded in national guidelines. Still, the availability of clinical trials to rural communities, representing 20% of the US population, has not been described. METHODS We queried ClinicalTrials.gov for glioblastoma interventional treatment trials opened between 1/2010 and 1/2020 in the United States. We created a Structured Query Language database and leveraged Google application programming interfaces (API) Places to find name and street addresses for the sites, and Google’s Geocode API to determine the county location. Counties were classified by US Department of Agriculture Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC 1–3 = urban and RUCC 4–9 = rural). We used z-ratios for rural-urban statistical comparisons. RESULTS We identified 406 interventional treatment trials for GBM at 1491 unique sites. 8.7% of unique sites were in rural settings. Rural sites opened an average of 1.7 trials/site and urban sites 2.8 trials/site from 1/2010–1/2020. Rural sites offered more phase II trials (63% vs 57%, p= 0.03) and fewer phase I trials (22% vs 28%, p= 0.01) than urban sites. Rural locations were more likely to offer federally-sponsored trials (p< 0.002). There were no investigator-initiated or single-institution trials offered at rural locations, and only 1% of industry trials were offered rurally. DISCUSSION Clinical trials for GBM were rarely open in rural areas, and were more dependent on federal funding. Clinical trials are likely difficult to access for rural patients, and this has important implications for the generalizability of research as well as how we engage the field of neuro-oncology and patient advocacy groups in improving patient access to trials. Increasing the number of clinical trials in rural locations may enable more rural patients to access and enroll in GBM studies.

Values of Voluntary Simplicity: Lifestyle and Motivation

1984 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraham Shama ◽  
Joseph Wisenblit
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
York City ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Voluntary Simplicity ◽  
Ecological Responsibility ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
And Behavior

This paper describes the relation between values and behavior of a new life style, that of voluntary simplicity which is characterized by low consumption, self-sufficiency, and ecological responsibility. Also, specific hypotheses regarding the motivation for voluntary simplicity and adoption in two areas of the United States were tested. Analysis shows (a) values of voluntary simplicity and behaviors are consistent, (b) the motivation for voluntary simplicity includes personal preference and economic hardship, and (c) adoption of voluntary simplicity is different in the Denver and New York City metropolitan areas.

Recent Declines in Breast-Feeding in the United States, 1984 Through 1989

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Ryan ◽  
David Rush ◽  
Fritz W. Krieger ◽  
Gregory E. Lewandowski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Supplemental Food ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Breast Feed

Ongoing surveys performed by Ross Laboratories demonstrate recent declines both in the initiation of breast-feeding and continued breast-feeding at 6 months of age. Comparing rates in 1984 and 1989, the initiation of breast-feeding declined approximately 13% (from 59.7% to 52.2%), and there was a 24% decline in the rate of breast-feeding at 6 months of age (from 23.8% to 18.1%). The decline in breast-feeding was seen across all groups studied but was greater in some groups than in others. Logistic regression analysis indicates that white ethnicity, some college education, increased maternal age, and having an infant of normal birth weight were all positively associated with the likelihood of both initiating breast-feeding and continuing to breast-feed to at least 6 months of age. Women who were black and who were younger, no more than high school educated, enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children supplemental food program, working outside the home, not living in the western states, and who had an infant of low birth weight were less likely either to initiate breast-feeding or to be nursing when their children were 6 months of age. The factors influencing the decline in breast-feeding were not uniform. There were fewer sociodemograpahic factors associated with the decline in the initiation of breast-feeding than in the decline in prolonged breast-feeding. While the disparity between older and younger mothers in initiating breast-feeding increased, there was an offsetting trend as the disparity associated with parity decreased. The only other significantly changed relationship for initiation of breast-feeding was that the disparity associated with higher income increased significantly: the decline in the rates of breast-feeding among the less affluent was greater than among the more affluent. Many more sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with declines in breast-feeding at 6 months of age. The disparity between those mothers not employed and those employed increased (from an odds ratio of 1.65 in 1984 to 2.43 in 1989). The disparities associated with age and parity both increased over time: the rate of breast-feeding declined more steeply among younger and primiparous mothers than among older and multiparous mothers. Similarly, the declines were greater among those enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children program (compared with those not enrolled), those with less than a college education (compared with some college education), and those not residing in the western region of the United States (compared with those residing in the West). Educational efforts to promote breast-feeding are needed for all pregnant women and should be particularly directed toward the groups who have experienced the most rapid recent decline in the rates of breast-feeding.

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