Marginalizing Poverty with Car-Dependent Design: The Story of Two Expulsions

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Cleveland
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
First Nation ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The City

In the twentieth century in Nova Scotia, at least two racialized communities were forcibly expelled from their land: Black Africville residents in Halifax and the Membertou Mi’kmaw First Nation in Sydney. Differences in the long-term outcomes of the two expulsions, however, reveal critical factors in how urban design can support or frustrate poverty alleviation. While the Membertou First Nation was relocated as a whole to a centralized context where they were geographically positioned to stage an economic transformation, Africville residents were more widely dispersed, many to areas with less access to jobs and other economic opportunities.This article analyzes the urban design elements in Halifax that create barriers to prosperity for the city’s historically Black communities and low-income residents. These factors include housing displacement, the suburbanization of poverty, and a lack of access to transit and other destinations within walking distance of homes. This article proposes three policy options to address these barriers and ensure that the city offers opportunity to all residents.

scholarly journals Supporting Community College Students from Start to Degree Completion: Long-Term Evidence from a Randomized Trial of CUNY’s ASAP

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Weiss ◽  
Alyssa Ratledge ◽  
Colleen Sommo ◽  
Himani Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Community College ◽  
Community Colleges ◽  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Degree Completion ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The City

Nationwide, graduation rates at community colleges are discouragingly low. This randomized experiment provides evidence that graduation rates can be increased dramatically. The City University of New York’s (CUNY) Accelerated Study in Associate Programs (ASAP) is a comprehensive, integrated, 3-year program that has an estimated 18 percentage point effect on 3-year graduation rates, increases 6-year graduation rates by an estimated 10 percentage points, and helps students graduate more quickly. Graduation effect estimates of this magnitude are exceptional in randomized experiments conducted in higher education, offering hope of what is possible when serving low-income students. (JEL H75, I23, I24, I28)

Environmental Art Design of Subway Station

2014 ◽  
Vol 926-930 ◽  
pp. 1340-1343
Author(s):  
Xiao Ke Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Environmental Art ◽  
Space Systems ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Subway System ◽  
Art Design ◽  
Specific Implementation ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
The City

This paper presents the city subway system environment space requirements and principles of art and design.Then through the study of urban design elements, space systems metro subway environmental art design elements and methods to make specific implementation strategies for Environmental Art Space City of subway system design.

“Chocolate City, Rest in Peace”: White Space–Claiming and the Exclusion of Black People in Washington, DC

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 746-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Suppan Helmuth
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Black People ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
The Social ◽  
Black Residents ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Depth Interviews

Urban sociologists and gentrification scholars have long been interested in examining the combination of structural and micro–level forces that result in the displacement and exclusion of low–income residents from changing neighborhoods. However, the types of everyday activities and the social and spatial practices that exclude residents who remain in these neighborhoods are an understudied part of the gentrification story. How are exclusive spaces created? What are the specific social processes that lead to exclusive space? I draw on in–depth interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to examine how white residents in a historically black neighborhood claim space through their everyday actions and interactions. These space–claiming practices are at times subtle and at times overt, but often draw on a repertoire of physical, mental, and social practices that combine to create spaces that exclude black people—including long–term black residents, black gentrifiers, and black visitors to the neighborhood—from public space.

“Let Me Be Bill-free”: Consumer Debt in the Shadow of Incarceration

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 978-1001
Author(s):  
Annie Harper ◽  
Tommaso Bardelli ◽  
Stacey Barrenger
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
New Haven ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
The City

Low-income U.S. households are increasingly burdened by unaffordable debt, with profound long-term economic and health consequences. Households of color are disproportionately negatively affected. This article examines the nexus of this rising indebtedness and mass incarceration through the experiences of a particularly marginalized group, people with mental illness. Drawing on qualitative research with 31 individuals with mental illness and recent incarceration in the city of New Haven, Connecticut, we show how carceral institutions and predatory financial practices intersect to create complex entanglements for poor and vulnerable people. While a growing body of scholarship focuses on criminal justice fines and fees, we highlight other types of debt that add to the overall burden, describing how incarceration deepens people’s existing debts of poverty and adds new debts from in-prison costs and identity theft. After release, those debts complicate the search for housing, employment, and financial stability, leading to further debt, stressing social relationships and reproducing social and economic inequality. The experiences of people with mental illness illuminates structures of marginalization and disadvantage that affect many others involved with the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals Developing the Operational City: Sidewalk Labs & Toronto’s Eastern Waterfront

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.F. Tierney ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Feedback Loops ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
Waterfront Development ◽  
Citizen Data ◽  
Future Vision ◽  
The City

In social media and the popular press, there is much discussion over the City of Toronto’s decision to partner with Google on their Eastern Waterfront development, however, there has not been enough scholarly research on its long-term implications. First, this public-private partnership signals a new model for urban design professionals. Second, intelligent infrastructure will be harvesting citizen data continuously and autonomously twenty-four hours per day. Google will build on its reputation as the world’s largest search and data aggregation company by layering the city with a ubiquitous wireless network on top of city services, forming an informational stack that will invisibly orchestrate communication, economics, and energy. Artificial intelligence software will analyze the resultant mass of citizen data, and use it to automatically inform decisions that will shape future city services. Those analytical feedback loops will create an operational city, one where cars drive themselves and smartphones know what residents want and where to find it – all in real time. Is this the future vision for our cities?

scholarly journals The Integration of Schools in Lee County, Florida

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Cutler Valdivia
Keyword(s):  
Historically Black ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
American South ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black History ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
De Jure Segregation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The American South ◽  
The City

Fort Myers, Florida, is one of the fastest growing parts of the United States yet historians have paid little attention to the area. This is especially true of the historiography surrounding Dunbar-Heights, the historically Black sections of the city. Despite having one of the largest Black communities between Tampa and Miami, there is scant information on how de jure segregation operated and ended in Southwest Florida. The research provided here fills this historiographical gap using oral histories that give us a glimpse into Florida’s not so distant past. This methodology enables the Dunbar Community to tell a new Black history of Fort Myers. Collectively the speakers presented in this piece help explain how Jim Crow influenced the integration of schools into the 1970s. This history of Fort Myers reminds Floridians of how connected SWFL was with the rest of the state and how deeply intertwined Florida was with the American South.

scholarly journals Do Bus Rapid Transit Systems Improve Accessibility to Job Opportunities for the Poor? The Case of Lima, Peru

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Oviedo ◽  
Lynn Scholl ◽  
Marco Innao ◽  
Lauramaria Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The City

Investments in public transit infrastructure in Latin America and the Caribbean often aim to reduce spatial and social inequalities by improving accessibility to jobs and other opportunities for vulnerable populations. The Metropolitano, Lima’s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) project had as one of its central goals to connect low-income populations living in the peripheries to jobs in the city center. We examine the contribution of Lima’s BRT system to accessibility to employment in the city, particularly for low-income public transit users. Building on secondary datasets of employment, household socio-demographics and Origin-Destination surveys before and after the BRT began operations, we assess its effects on potential accessibility to employment, comparing impacts amongst lower versus higher income populations. Findings suggest that the BRT line reduced travel times to reach jobs, in comparison with traditional public transport in the city, amongst populations living within walking distance of the system. However, we also find that the coverage of the BRT declines in areas with high concentrations of poor and extreme poor populations, limiting the equitability of the accessibility improvements. We analyze the distributional effects of BRT infrastructure and services, discussing policy avenues that can improve the prospects for BRT system investments to include the poor in their mobility benefits.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF WATERFRONT DEVELOPMENT IN LUMUT CITY, PERAK, MALAYSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Ismail Isa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
City Image ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Waterfront Development ◽  
Environment Quality ◽  
Secondary Information ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

This study on the evolution of waterfront development in Lumut through physical improvement serves as one component in the formation of a city from the economic, social and environmental aspects. The current study aims to review the elements of urban design that offer an alternative to the revitalisation of the waterfront city in Lumut, Malaysia, particularly to upgrade the physical environment quality and economic vibrancy of cities. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) examine the consideration and perceptions of urban design aspects given by the respondents related to the evolution of a Lumut waterfront city, and (2) identify urban design elements that have evidence of significant contributions to the revitalisation of the aforementioned city. This research comprises two components. The first component explains the analysis based on observation and the obtained secondary information. The second component is the inventory study and analysis related to the city design in the study area. The theoretical study involves city image enhancement concepts, basic methods and principles in improving the structure of city elements. It also elaborates that any improvement or modification that should be done in any of the city elements must proceed through a proper channel and adhere to improvement or modification steps that have been proposed by design experts. The reason is to create harmony between the city elements with their surroundings to form an image that has identity, structure and meaning. With effective consideration, the proposed development must be closely assessed for its use and function before any project is endorsed and enforced. Issues discovered by this study will facilitate the formulation of strategies and suitable proposals, and automatically ensures improvement of the economic, social and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Traffic congestion and economic context: changes of spatiotemporal patterns of traffic travel times during crisis and post-crisis periods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Moyano ◽  
Marcin Stępniak ◽  
Borja Moya-Gómez ◽  
Juan Carlos García-Palomares
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Times ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Low Income Groups ◽  
City Core ◽  
The City ◽  
North And South

AbstractThis paper aims to evaluate the impacts of the economic context on traffic congestion and its consequential effects on private vehicle accessibility. We conduct a long-term analysis of spatiotemporal traffic congestion patterns in Madrid (Spain), comparing two urban realms: the 2008 economic crisis and the following post-crisis situation. We apply TomTom Speed Profiles data to assess daily variations in traffic congestion and their changes between both periods, and Twitter data to capture spatial patterns of the daily pulse of the city. Increased traffic, a by-product of economic recovery, resulted in higher congestion, particularly during peak hours. Nevertheless, these changes are spatially uneven. In the city core, an increase in congestion is relatively temporally homogeneous, while in the peripheral suburban zones, there has been only a marginal increase in travel times. On the other hand, in the urban outskirts, increased traffic congestion is more severe but visibly different between north and south. These differences have strong social connotations: over 40% of the population experienced a dramatic increase in travel times (more than 25%) during peak hours. Moreover, low-income groups are more likely to live in the more affected southern districts, suffering most the negative consequences of increased congestion.

scholarly journals Placemaking as multi-faceted tool in urban design and planning. A strategic approach in case of Hubballi city, Karnataka, India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita C. Jakkappanavar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
The City

Cities are the main engines of economy attracting influx of population from rural to urban areas. They are the major contributors of global GDP and hold high potential for development opportuniites but yet they face many inequalities. These negative effects suppress positive ones if not managed properly. In context to Hubballi (a developing city of North Karnataka), in the past the cultural matrix shared a symbiotic relationship with the green & blue networks that traversed the city in a manner that could be characterized as the urban commons. However, over a few decades, industrialization & changing economic drivers have led to over exploitation of natural resources. Specifically, in the case of Unkal Nullah, a canal which originates from Unkal Lake in the northern end of Hubballi city. The mismanagement of urban development led to self-build practices, poor drainage system and encroachment of low-income houses along the water edges. Lack of maintenance led to waste dumping practices into the canal which was a source of sustenance in the past, to become the backyard or sewer of the city in the present day. This inturn led ecological imbalances which were compromised and neglected to the background. To ameliorate the situation there have been multiple efforts in terms of policies and missions, the most recent one being the ‘smart cities mission’ which also stresses the sustainable development of Indian cities. This paper is an attempt to fulfill the motive of “smart cities makes better cities with healthier people” by assessing Place making as a major tool to configure waterfront dynamics to create public realm, to make people centric approach which contribute to people’s health, happiness and wellbeing. It is necessary to rethink on the matrix of land & water through urban design & planning efforts in making cities more connected with its water-land-people.

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