Ghrelin, like adipokines produced by adipose tissue, acts on accelerate puberty, while in contrast to adipokines, during sexual maturity prevents from excessive secretion of steroids by ovarian follicles

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Rak-Mardyla ◽  
Anna Wrobel ◽  
Ewa Gregoraszczuk
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Excessive Secretion

scholarly journals Lipocyte hyperplasia and sexual maturation of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Oruwari ◽  
J. A. Cherry ◽  
D. E. Jones ◽  
W. L. Beane
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Japanese Quail ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Tritiated Thymidine ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix Japonica ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Total Dna

1. Hyperplastic growth of adipose tissue in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) was examined in relation to sexual maturity to determine whether fat cell number is fixed in mature individuals of this species.2. Total DNA concentrations in the lipid (lipocyte) and non-lipid (stroma) fractions of collagenase (EC 3. 4. 24. 3)-digested abdominal (retroperitoneal) fat depots were determined on a chronological-age basis from 28 to 240 d of age. The in vivo incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA of both the lipocyte and stroma fractions of abdominal fat from both ad lib. and restricted-fed (75% of ad lib.) females was also examined at ages before and subsequent to sexual maturity.3. In both males and females, significant increases in abdominal fat weights at ages beyond sexual maturity were associated with increased lipocyte DNA. Regardless of the feeding regimen and stage of maturity, substantial radioactivity was recovered from both the stromal and lipocyte fractions of abdominal fat when female quail were examined 24 h after the administration of tritiated thymidine. When examined 5 d post-injection, the majority of the radioactivity was contained in the lipid fraction of collagenase-digested adipose tissue.4. Both the total DNA content of adipose tissue and the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into adipose tissue indicated that lipocyte hyperplasia contributes to postmaturational increases in fat deposition.

scholarly journals Vaspin in the pig ovarian follicles: expression and regulation by different hormones

Reproduction ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 158 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kurowska ◽  
Ewa Mlyczyńska ◽  
Alix Barbe ◽  
Christophe Staub ◽  
Ewa Gregoraszczuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Serine Protease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serine Protease Inhibitor ◽  
Ovarian Follicles ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Female Reproduction ◽  
Large White

Vaspin, also known as visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor, is a member of the serine protease inhibitor family. Its expression is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and elevated concentration is observed in polycystic ovary syndrome. However, vaspin has never been studied in the ovary. Here, we identified vaspin in two prolific breeds of pigs: fat Meishan (MS) and lean Large White (LW). We then investigated the molecular mechanism involved in the regulation of its expression in response to gonadotropins, insulin, insulin-like growth factor type 1 (IGF-1) and steroids (progesterone, testosterone and oestradiol) in ovarian follicles cells. Using real-time PCR and Western blot, we found higher vaspin mRNA and protein expression in the ovarian follicles and adipose tissue at 10–12 days of the oestrous cycle in MS compared to LW. Moreover, vaspin expression, as well as its concentration in plasma and follicular fluid, decreased in ovarian follicles of LW during days of the oestrous cycle, while the opposite results were noted in MS. Immunohistochemistry showed vaspin in granulosa, theca, cumulus cells and oocytes as well as in adipocytes. Vaspin level in the ovary increased by gonadotropin, insulin, IGF-1 and steroids stimulation through kinases JAK/Stat, ERK1/2, PI3K and AMPK, as well as factor NF-κB. These findings all show vaspin expression and regulation in the pig ovary, indicating vaspin as a new regulator in female reproduction. Future studies will be necessary for understanding the role of vaspin on ovarian physiology providing new insights into the pathology of ovaries.

Functional characterization of human brown adipose tissue metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (7) ◽  
pp. 1261-1286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Richard ◽  
Hannah Pallubinsky ◽  
Denis P. Blondin
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
And Function

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has long been described according to its histological features as a multilocular, lipid-containing tissue, light brown in color, that is also responsive to the cold and found especially in hibernating mammals and human infants. Its presence in both hibernators and human infants, combined with its function as a heat-generating organ, raised many questions about its role in humans. Early characterizations of the tissue in humans focused on its progressive atrophy with age and its apparent importance for cold-exposed workers. However, the use of positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose tracer [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) made it possible to begin characterizing the possible function of BAT in adult humans, and whether it could play a role in the prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review focuses on the in vivo functional characterization of human BAT, the methodological approaches applied to examine these features and addresses critical gaps that remain in moving the field forward. Specifically, we describe the anatomical and biomolecular features of human BAT, the modalities and applications of non-invasive tools such as PET and magnetic resonance imaging coupled with spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to study BAT morphology and function in vivo, and finally describe the functional characteristics of human BAT that have only been possible through the development and application of such tools.

A compendium of G-protein–coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Ceddia ◽  
Sheila Collins
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Nucleotide Regulation ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Thermogenic Adipocytes ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand–receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.

Flavonoids in adipose tissue inflammation and atherosclerosis: one arrow, two targets

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (12) ◽  
pp. 1403-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manal Muin Fardoun ◽  
Dina Maaliki ◽  
Nabil Halabi ◽  
Rabah Iratni ◽  
Alessandra Bitto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Abstract Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables, in addition to beverages such as tea and coffee. Flavonoids are emerging as potent therapeutic agents for cardiovascular as well as metabolic diseases. Several studies corroborated an inverse relationship between flavonoid consumption and cardiovascular disease (CVD) or adipose tissue inflammation (ATI). Flavonoids exert their anti-atherogenic effects by increasing nitric oxide (NO), reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, flavonoids alleviate ATI by decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels, as well as by attenuating inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, flavonoids inhibit synthesis of fatty acids and promote their oxidation. In this review, we discuss the effect of the main classes of flavonoids, namely flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, anthocyanins, and isoflavones, on atherosclerosis and ATI. In addition, we dissect the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of action for these flavonoids. We conclude by supporting the potential benefit for flavonoids in the management or treatment of CVD; yet, we call for more robust clinical studies for safety and pharmacokinetic values.

The dual nature of obesity in metabolic programming: quantity versus quality of adipose tissue

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (18) ◽  
pp. 2447-2451
Author(s):  
Anissa Viveiros ◽  
Gavin Y. Oudit
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Metabolic Programming ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Adipose Tissue Volume ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Metabolically Healthy

Abstract The global prevalence of obesity has been rising at an alarming rate, accompanied by an increase in both childhood and maternal obesity. The concept of metabolic programming is highly topical, and in this context, describes a predisposition of offspring of obese mothers to the development of obesity independent of environmental factors. Research published in this issue of Clinical Science conducted by Litzenburger and colleagues (Clin. Sci. (Lond.) (2020) 134, 921–939) have identified sex-dependent differences in metabolic programming and identify putative signaling pathways involved in the differential phenotype of adipose tissue between males and females. Delineating the distinction between metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity is a topic of emerging interest, and the precise nature of adipocytes are key to pathogenesis, independent of adipose tissue volume.

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