scholarly journals Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafin Pérez-Cerezales ◽  
Priscila Ramos-Ibeas ◽  
Dimitrios Rizos ◽  
Pat Lonergan ◽  
Pablo Bermejo-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Male And Female

Greek: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψω Special: ¡〉〈♂♀•○▽△□■⇒⇐↕↔↓→↑←⅓™€…‡†”“’‘‖—–¿¾½¼»¶®«©§¥£¢ Math: +│⊥⊙⊇⊆≧≦≥≤≡≠≒≈≅∽∼∴∮∬∫∥∠∞∝√∗−∑∏∉∈∇∂ÅΩ″′‰÷×·±°¬= Latin: ÀŸšŠœŒěĚčČċćĆăĂāÿýüûúùøöõôóòñïîíìëêéèçæåäãâáàÝÜÛÚÙØÖÕÔÓÒÑÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁ Developmental plasticity enables the appearance of long-term effects in offspring caused by exposure to environmental stressors during embryonic and foetal life. These long-term effects can be traced to pre- and post-implantation development, and in both cases the effects are usually sex-specific. During preimplantation development, male and female embryos exhibit an extensive transcriptional dimorphism mainly driven by incomplete X-chromosome inactivation. These early developmental stages are crucial for the establishment of epigenetic marks that will be conserved throughout development, making it a particularly susceptible period for the appearance of long-term epigenetic-based phenotypes. Later in development, gonadal formation generates hormonal differences between the sexes, and male and female placentae exhibit different responses to environmental stressors. The maternal environment, including hormones and environmental insults during pregnancy, contributes to sex-specific placental development that controls genetic and epigenetic programming during foetal development, regulating sex-specific differences, including sex-specific epigenetic responses to environmental hazards, leading to long-term effects. This review summarizes several human and animal studies examining sex- specific responses to environmental stressors during both the periconception period (caused by differences in sex chromosome dosage) and placental development (caused by both sex chromosomes and hormones). The identification of relevant sex-dependent trajectories caused by sex-chromosomes and/or sex-hormones is essential to define diagnostic markers and prevention/intervention protocols.

scholarly journals Long-term sex reversal by oestradiol in amniotes with heteromorphic sex chromosomes

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Freedberg ◽  
Rachel M Bowden ◽  
Michael A Ewert ◽  
Dale R Sengelaub ◽  
Craig E Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Heteromorphic Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Do So

Oestradiol application during embryonic development reverses the sex of male embryos and results in normal female differentiation in reptiles lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes, but fails to do so in birds and mammals with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. It is not clear whether the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes in amniotes is accompanied by insensitivity to oestradiol, or if the association between oestradiol insensitivity and heteromorphic sex chromosomes can be attributable to phylogenetic constraints in these taxa. Turtles provide an ideal system to examine the potential relationship between oestradiol insensitivity and sex chromosome heteromorphy, since there are species with heteromorphic sex chromosomes that are closely related to species lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We investigated this relationship by examining the long-term effects of oestradiol-17β application on sex determination in Staurotypus triporcatus and Staurotypus salvinii , two turtle species with male heterogamety. After raising the turtles in the lab for 3 years, we found follicular and Müllerian duct morphology in oestradiol-treated turtles that was identical to that of untreated females. The lasting sex reversal suggests that the evolutionary transition between systems lacking heteromorphic sex chromosomes and those with heteromorphic sex chromosomes is not constrained by a fundamental mechanistic difference.

Effects of mild early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on foetal and placental development in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
M Werkman ◽  
J A Rooke ◽  
K McIlvaney ◽  
C M Dwyer ◽  
C J Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Type D ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
The Relationship

Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal nutrient supply is believed to affect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients to the foetus (Fowden et al., 2006). In ruminant species, the majority of placental nutrient transport occurs in specialised structures called placentomes, which are categorised into 4 types (A-D) based on their morphological appearance. In type A placentomes, maternal tissue surrounds foetal tissues, whereas type D placentomes are typically everted and have a higher ratio of foetal:maternal tissue. It has been suggested that the distribution of placentome types may reflect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients (Vonnahme et al., 2006). This study tested the hypothesis that levels of under-nutrition typically encountered by hill ewes during pregnancy would alter the distribution of placentome types and that the relationship between ewe nutrition and placentome type would differ between breeds selected for lean tissue growth (such as the Suffolk) compared to less selected breeds (such as the Scottish Blackface).

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

scholarly journals Differences in recombination frequencies during female and male meioses of the sex chromosomes of the medaka, Oryzias latipes

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIKO KONDO ◽  
ERIKO NAGAO ◽  
HIROSHI MITANI ◽  
AKIHIRO SHIMA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Map ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Oryzias Latipes ◽  
Male Recombination ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Y Chromosomes ◽  
Genetic Length ◽  
Expressed Sequence ◽  
Group 1

In the medaka, Oryzias latipes, sex is determined chromosomally. The sex chromosomes differ from those of mammals in that the X and Y chromosomes are highly homologous. Using backcross panels for linkage analysis, we mapped 21 sequence tagged site (STS) markers on the sex chromosomes (linkage group 1). The genetic map of the sex chromosome was established using male and female meioses. The genetic length of the sex chromosome was shorter in male than in female meioses. The region where male recombination is suppressed is the region close to the sex-determining gene y, while female recombination was suppressed in both the telomeric regions. The restriction in recombination does not occur uniformly on the sex chromosome, as the genetic map distances of the markers are not proportional in male and female recombination. Thus, this observation seems to support the hypothesis that the heterogeneous sex chromosomes were derived from suppression of recombination between autosomal chromosomes. In two of the markers, Yc-2 and Casp6, which were expressed sequence-tagged (EST) sites, polymorphisms of both X and Y chromosomes were detected. The alleles of the X and Y chromosomes were also detected in O. curvinotus, a species related to the medaka. These markers could be used for genotyping the sex chromosomes in the medaka and other species, and could be used in other studies on sex chromosomes.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 131I AND 125I ISOTOPES OF IODINE IN THE RAT

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. DONIACH ◽  
D. J. SHALE
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Significant Elevation ◽  
Radioiodine Uptake ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Serum Tsh

SUMMARY From the differences in radiation profiles between 131I and 125I isotopes of iodine it would be expected that they would show different effects on thyroid function. The differences should lead to lower rates of thyroid gland destruction with 125I and hence less post-irradiation hypothyroidism. This difference in biological effect has been demonstrated in rats by indirect assessment of thyroid function. In this report the long-term effects of a range of similar doses of 131I and 125I were compared, in male and female rats, by direct assessment of thyroid function. Seventeen months after receiving 25 and 125 μCi of 131I, male and female rats showed significant elevation of serum TSH concentration and a reduction in 3 h radioiodine uptake. Rats receiving 1 and 5 μCi of 131I and all doses of 125I showed no significant changes in thyroid function. These findings confirm the previously reported differences in effect between the 131I and 125I isotopes of iodine in the rat.

Long-term effects of high-fat diets on peroxisomal β-oxidation in male and female rats

Lipids ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 668-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Thomassen ◽  
J. Norseth ◽  
E. N. Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
High Fat Diets ◽  
Fat Diets

scholarly journals Gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement differentially contribute to ethanol intake, preference, and relapse-like behavior in Four Core Genotypes mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Sneddon ◽  
Lindsay N. Rasizer ◽  
Natalie G. Cavalco ◽  
Asa H. Jaymes ◽  
Noah J. Ostlie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Chromosome Complement ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Drinking Behaviors

AbstractAlcohol use and high-risk alcohol drinking behaviors among women are rapidly rising. In rodent models, females typically consume more ethanol (EtOH) than males. Here, we used the Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model to investigate the influence of gonadal hormones and sex chromosome complement to EtOH drinking behaviors. FCG mice were given access to escalating concentrations of EtOH in a two-bottle, 24-h continuous access drinking paradigm to assess consumption and preference. Relapse-like behavior was measured by assessing escalated intake following repeated cycles of deprivation and re-exposure. Twenty-four hour EtOH consumption was greater in mice with ovaries (Sry−), relative to those with testes, and in mice with the XX chromosome complement, relative to those with XY sex chromosomes. EtOH preference was higher in XX vs. XY mice but not influenced by gonad type. Escalated intake following repeated cycles of deprivation and re-exposure emerged only in XX mice (vs. XY). These results demonstrate that aspects of EtOH drinking behavior may be independently regulated by sex hormones and chromosomes and inform our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms which contribute to EtOH dependence in male and female mice. Future investigation of the contribution of sex chromosomes to EtOH drinking behaviors is warranted.

scholarly journals Litter expansion alters metabolic homeostasis in a sexually divergent manner

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Kurup ◽  
Shivani N Mann ◽  
Jordan Jackson ◽  
Stephanie Matyi ◽  
Michelle Ranjo-Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Robust Response

AbstractNutritional manipulations early in life have been shown to influence growth rate and elicit long lasting effects which in turn has been found to impact lifespan. Therefore, we studied the long-term effects of pre-weaning dietary restriction implemented by litter expansion (4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 pups per dam: LS4, LS6, LS8, LS10, LS12) on male and female C57BL/6 mice. After weaning, these mice were fed ad libitum a commercial lab chow for the 15-month duration of the study. The mice from large litter sizes (LS12) were significantly leaner and had reduced total fat mass compared to the normal size litters (LS 6) starting from weaning through to 15 months of age. Male LS10 & 12 mice showed significant reduction in their fat depot masses at 15 months of age: gonadal, subcutaneous, and brown fat whereas the females did not mimic these findings. At 9 months of age, both male and female LS10 and 12 mice showed improved glucose tolerance; however, only male LS10 and LS12 mice showed improved insulin tolerance starting at 5 months of age. In addition, we found that the male LS8, 10 & 12 mice at 15 months of age showed significantly reduced IGF-1 levels in the serum and various other organs (liver, gastrocnemius and brain cortex). Interestingly, the female LS8, 10, 12 mice showed a different pattern with reduced IGF-1 levels in serum, liver and gastrocnemius but not in the brain cortex. Similarly, the litter expanded mice showed sexual divergence in levels of FGF21 and adiponectin with only the male mice showing increased FGF21 and adiponectin levels at 15 months of age. In summary, our data show that, litter expansion results in long-lasting metabolic changes that are age and sex dependent with the male mice showing an early and robust response compared to female mice.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Variability of W-Linked Repetitive Content in Lacertid Lizards

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Suwala ◽  
Marie Altmanová ◽  
Sofia Mazzoleni ◽  
Emmanouela Karameta ◽  
Panayiotis Pafilis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Z Chromosome ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
W Chromosome ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Lacertid Lizards ◽  
Species Specific

Lacertid lizards are a widely radiated group of squamate reptiles with long-term stable ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes. Despite their family-wide homology of Z-specific gene content, previous cytogenetic studies revealed significant variability in the size, morphology, and heterochromatin distribution of their W chromosome. However, there is little evidence about the accumulation and distribution of repetitive content on lacertid chromosomes, especially on their W chromosome. In order to expand our knowledge of the evolution of sex chromosome repetitive content, we examined the topology of telomeric and microsatellite motifs that tend to often accumulate on the sex chromosomes of reptiles in the karyotypes of 15 species of lacertids by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The topology of the above-mentioned motifs was compared to the pattern of heterochromatin distribution, as revealed by C-banding. Our results show that the topologies of the examined motifs on the W chromosome do not seem to follow a strong phylogenetic signal, indicating independent and species-specific accumulations. In addition, the degeneration of the W chromosome can also affect the Z chromosome and potentially also other parts of the genome. Our study provides solid evidence that the repetitive content of the degenerated sex chromosomes is one of the most evolutionary dynamic parts of the genome.

scholarly journals Long-term effects of maternal deprivation on the corticosterone response to stress in rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. R1332-R1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Suchecki ◽  
Sergio Tufik
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Corticosterone Response ◽  
Adrenal Response

Twenty-four hours of maternal deprivation result in activation of the infant rat’s adrenocortical axis. In the present study we examined the long-term effects of maternal deprivation on the corticosterone (Cort) response to stress. Pups were maternally deprived (Dep) on postnatal day( PND) 11 and tested immediately ( PND 12) or returned to their mothers and tested at later ages. Testing consisted of a time course of the Cort response to a saline injection (5, 15, 30, and 60 min). At PND 12, the response of Dep pups was higher than that of nondeprived (non-Dep) pups. No group differences were observed at PND 16 and 22. On PND 30, Dep rats showed lower Cort levels than non-Dep pups at 0, 5, and 30 min after saline. At PND 60, non-Dep females showed higher Cort levels than males at 5, 15, and 30 min. This gender difference for Dep pups was observed only at 5 min. Male and female Dep animals presented lower Cort levels than non-Dep counterparts at 60 and 30 min after saline, respectively. These findings indicate that maternal deprivation effects on Cort secretion are long lasting. Dep rats showed a smaller adrenal response to stress at PND 30, whereas as adults the stress response was similar but the turnoff was different.

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