Effects of mild early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on foetal and placental development in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
M Werkman ◽  
J A Rooke ◽  
K McIlvaney ◽  
C M Dwyer ◽  
C J Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Maternal Tissue ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Type D ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
The Relationship

Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal nutrient supply is believed to affect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients to the foetus (Fowden et al., 2006). In ruminant species, the majority of placental nutrient transport occurs in specialised structures called placentomes, which are categorised into 4 types (A-D) based on their morphological appearance. In type A placentomes, maternal tissue surrounds foetal tissues, whereas type D placentomes are typically everted and have a higher ratio of foetal:maternal tissue. It has been suggested that the distribution of placentome types may reflect the ability of the placenta to deliver nutrients (Vonnahme et al., 2006). This study tested the hypothesis that levels of under-nutrition typically encountered by hill ewes during pregnancy would alter the distribution of placentome types and that the relationship between ewe nutrition and placentome type would differ between breeds selected for lean tissue growth (such as the Suffolk) compared to less selected breeds (such as the Scottish Blackface).

Effects of early-and mid-pregnancy under-nutrition on maternal and foetal plasma free amino acid concentrations in Scottish Blackface and Suffolk sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 74-74
Author(s):  
J A Rooke ◽  
M Werkman ◽  
K McIlvaney ◽  
C M Dwyer ◽  
C J Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Lean Tissue ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Nutrient intake during pregnancy affects foetal development and placental function in a range of species, often with long-term effects on offspring viability. Maternal supply and placental transport of amino acids are key to delivering amino acids for foetal metabolism. Maternal under-nutrition has been shown to reduce both maternal and foetal amino acid concentrations even after a period of re-feeding (Kwon et al. 2004). Intriguingly whether sheep have been adapted to a harsh environment or not appears to influence the extent of any reduction (Jobgen et al. 2008). The present study therefore tested whether plasma amino acid concentrations differed between Scottish Blackface (B) sheep adapted to a hill environment and a lowland breed (Suffolk, S) selected for lean tissue growth when challenged by a period of under-nutrition.

scholarly journals Early sex-dependent differences in response to environmental stress

Reproduction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serafin Pérez-Cerezales ◽  
Priscila Ramos-Ibeas ◽  
Dimitrios Rizos ◽  
Pat Lonergan ◽  
Pablo Bermejo-Alvarez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Foetal Development ◽  
Male And Female

Greek: ΑΒΓΔΕΖΗΘΙΚΛΜΝΞΟΠΡΣΤΥΦΧΨΩαβγδεζηθικλμνξοπρςστυφχψω Special: ¡〉〈♂♀•○▽△□■⇒⇐↕↔↓→↑←⅓™€…‡†”“’‘‖—–¿¾½¼»¶®«©§¥£¢ Math: +│⊥⊙⊇⊆≧≦≥≤≡≠≒≈≅∽∼∴∮∬∫∥∠∞∝√∗−∑∏∉∈∇∂ÅΩ″′‰÷×·±°¬= Latin: ÀŸšŠœŒěĚčČċćĆăĂāÿýüûúùøöõôóòñïîíìëêéèçæåäãâáàÝÜÛÚÙØÖÕÔÓÒÑÏÎÍÌËÊÉÈÇÆÅÄÃÂÁ Developmental plasticity enables the appearance of long-term effects in offspring caused by exposure to environmental stressors during embryonic and foetal life. These long-term effects can be traced to pre- and post-implantation development, and in both cases the effects are usually sex-specific. During preimplantation development, male and female embryos exhibit an extensive transcriptional dimorphism mainly driven by incomplete X-chromosome inactivation. These early developmental stages are crucial for the establishment of epigenetic marks that will be conserved throughout development, making it a particularly susceptible period for the appearance of long-term epigenetic-based phenotypes. Later in development, gonadal formation generates hormonal differences between the sexes, and male and female placentae exhibit different responses to environmental stressors. The maternal environment, including hormones and environmental insults during pregnancy, contributes to sex-specific placental development that controls genetic and epigenetic programming during foetal development, regulating sex-specific differences, including sex-specific epigenetic responses to environmental hazards, leading to long-term effects. This review summarizes several human and animal studies examining sex- specific responses to environmental stressors during both the periconception period (caused by differences in sex chromosome dosage) and placental development (caused by both sex chromosomes and hormones). The identification of relevant sex-dependent trajectories caused by sex-chromosomes and/or sex-hormones is essential to define diagnostic markers and prevention/intervention protocols.

scholarly journals Scorpion Envenomation of Lactating Rats Decreases the Seizure Threshold in Offspring

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 853
Author(s):  
Marina de Oliveira Rodrigues Barbosa ◽  
Maria Eliza F. do Val de Paulo ◽  
Ana Leonor Abrahão Nencioni
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Seizure Threshold ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Crude Venom ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Convulsive Threshold

Few data are available in the literature describing the long-term effects of envenoming in the perinatal period. In this study, the relationship between envenoming of lactating rats and possible behavioral changes in the mother and in her offspring were investigated. Lactating Wistar rats received a single dose of T. serrulatus crude venom on postnatal days 2 (V2), 10 (V10) or 16 (V16), and had their maternal behavior evaluated. The seizure threshold was evaluated in adulthood offspring. A decrease in maternal care during envenoming was observed in V2 and V10 groups. The retrieval behavior was absent in the V2 group, and a lower seizure threshold in the adult offspring of all groups was observed. During envenoming, mothers stayed away from their offspring for a relatively long time. Maternal deprivation during the early postnatal period is one of the most potent stressors for pups and could be responsible, at least in part, for the decrease in the convulsive threshold of the offspring since stress is pointed to as a risk factor for epileptogenesis. Furthermore, the scorpionic accident generates an intense immune response, and inflammation in neonates increases the susceptibility to seizures in adulthood. Therefore, maternal envenoming during lactation can have adverse effects on offspring in adulthood.

The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Recidivism in a Sample of Juvenile Offenders in Community-Based Treatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1210-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Wolff ◽  
Michael T. Baglivio ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Adverse Childhood Experiences ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Childhood Experiences ◽  
Adverse Childhood ◽  
Juvenile Justice Policy ◽  
The Relationship

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been identified as a key risk factor for a range of negative life outcomes, including delinquency. Much less is known about how exposure to negative experiences relates to continued offending among juvenile offenders. In this study, we examine the effect of ACEs on recidivism in a large sample of previously referred youth from the State of Florida who were followed for 1 year after participation in community-based treatment. Results from a series of Cox hazard models suggest that ACEs increase the risk of subsequent arrest, with a higher prevalence of ACEs leading to a shorter time to recidivism. The relationship between ACEs and recidivism held quite well in demographic-specific analyses. Implications for empirical research on the long-term effects of traumatic childhood events and juvenile justice policy are discussed.

Making Music and Masculinity in Vagrancy’s Shadow: Race, Wealth, and Malandragem in Post-Abolition Rio de Janeiro

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-625
Author(s):  
Marc A. Hertzman
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Mixed Race ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Free Society ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Music Market ◽  
Black Poor ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This article discusses strategies which Afro-Brazilian men used to distance themselves from demeaning assumptions and stereotypes attached to slavery and vagrancy in Rio de Janeiro. The piece focuses on the first 50 years after abolition (1888) but also shows how the ideologia da vadiagem—a set of ideas and stereotypes which defined black, poor, and mixed-race men and women as lazy and inferior—cast a long shadow deep into the twentieth century. The primary lens is the music market, which, beginning around the turn of the century, provided one of the earliest and most public venues in which black men were judged as members of a free society. Some musicians played samba and a number used malandragem, the lifestyle and ethos of flashy, masculine, malandro hustler figures, to cater to audience desires and also to distinguish themselves from caricatures of sickly, weak vadios (vagrants or idlers). Other artists rejected malandragem or only embraced it selectively, instead preferring a more toned-down “professional” look and demeanor meant to secure dignity and respect for themselves, their music, and the communities for which they served as figureheads. Eduardo das Neves, Moreno, Donga, Pixinguinha, Brancura, and Ismael Silva are among the musicians discussed here. By interpreting malandragem as a response to the ideologia da vadiagem, and as one of many identities and strategies employed by black entertainers, the article provides unique insights about the relationship between race, class, gender, and sexuality and a new way to understand the long-term effects of slavery and related assumptions about race and masculinity in Brazil.

Terrorism and tourism in Israel

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1343-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Karl ◽  
Gordon Winder ◽  
Alexander Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Event Tourism ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Terrorist Event ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

While the relation between terrorism and tourism has been an important topic for tourism research, the questions whether terrorism affects tourism immediately and how long after a terrorism event tourism recovers are, as yet, not clearly answered. The aim of this article is to better understand the magnitude and temporal scale of the impact of terrorism on tourism. To this end, a research model differentiating between short-term and long-term effects of terrorism on tourism is developed and analyzed for the destination Israel using data on tourists from Germany. The results show both short-term and long-term impacts with a time lag between the terrorist event and the beginning of tourism decline of 1 or up to 6 months. An economic influence on the development of tourist arrivals was not detected, but seasonality plays an important role in the relationship between terrorism and tourism.

scholarly journals Perception of Voicing Cues by Children With Early Otitis Media With and Without Language Impairment

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Groenen ◽  
Thom Crul ◽  
Ben Maassen ◽  
Wim van Bon
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Central Auditory Processing ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Research on the relationship between early otitis media with effusion (OME), language impairment, and central auditory processing has been equivocal. Identification and discrimination tasks provide us with a sensitive method of assessing speech perception on both an auditory and a phonetic level. The present study examined identification and discrimination of initial bilabial stop consonants differing in voicing by 9-year-old children with a history of severe OME. The groups studied were controlled for language impairment. The ability of these children to perceive major and minor voicing cues was examined using multiple voicing cues. Long-term effects of OME were found for both identification and discrimination performance. Children with OME produced an overall inconsistency in categorization, which suggests poorer phonetic processing. Discrimination was measured by means of “just noticeable differences” (JND). Children with early OME experience demonstrated a greater mean JND than children without early OME experience. Finally, in cases of language impairment with early OME, there was no additional deterioration of auditory or phonetic processing. It appears that either early OME or language impairment can lead to poorer perception.

scholarly journals Benevolent Ageism: Exploring Its Boundary Conditions, Generalizability, and Correlates

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Toni Bisconti ◽  
Jennifer Sublett ◽  
Alison Chasteen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Cognitive Outcomes ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Chinese Sample ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Stereotype Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Ageism is one of the few prejudices that is still socially condoned (Nelson, 2016). Given the aging population and the impact of internalizing ageist thoughts, this construct needs to be at the forefront for scientific examination. The long-term effects of ageism, particularly negative self-perceptions, lead to negative health and cognitive outcomes (Chasteen et al., 2015; Levy et al., 2002). One of the intricate components of ageism, however, is that it is often “benevolent”. Cuddy and colleagues developed the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) to describe how individuals are categorized based on varying degrees of warmth and competence. Unlike many devalued members of society who are viewed as low on both, older adults are viewed as having high warmth and low competence, leading to more overaccommodative treatment. The goal of the present symposium is to overview the ways in which researchers have dissected this more nuanced type of ageism. Specifically, two of the presenters will cover some of the boundary conditions of understanding age-based stereotypes and their malleability, examining them across ages and across genders. Additionally, one of our presenters will overview the validation of the Ambivalent Ageism Scale on a Chinese sample, lending support to its generalizability. Finally, our last presenter will overview the relationship between benevolent ageism and self-compassion to predict metamemory, given the pervasive stereotype that older adults suffer from severe cognitive decline. Themes and implications of these presentations will be discussed.

scholarly journals Peri-Operative Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation Variability and Short-Term Outcomes Following Cardiac Surgery in Neonates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam O. Abubakar ◽  
Santina A. Zanelli ◽  
Michael C. Spaeder
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Single Ventricle ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
Arch Obstruction ◽  
Neonatal Cardiac Surgery ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Operative Monitoring

Abstract Decreased post-operative cerebral region oxygenation saturation (crSO2) variability, a surrogate for cerebral autoregulation, correlates with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates who undergo cardiac surgery. The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between pre- and post-operative crSO2 variability in neonates requiring neonatal cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD). The variability of averaged 1-min crSO2 values was calculated for a minimum of 12h before and for the first 48h following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary by-pass in neonates between November 2019 and May 2021. The crSO2 variability increased by 9% with each additional postnatal day in the pre-operative monitoring period (p=0.009). There was a 40% decrease in crSO2 variability between the pre-and post-operative monitoring periods (p<0.001). There were no associations between the degree of decrease in crSO2 variability and CHD classification (aortic arch obstruction or single ventricle physiology). The crSO2 variability improves with each additional postnatal day but then decreases by almost half following cardiac surgery in neonates. We did not observe any association between pre-operative crSO2 variability and post-operative ventilator-free days, post-operative ICU days, or mortality.The long-term effects or significance of reduced crSO2 require further exploration.

Empirically Based Couple Relationship Education

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Halford ◽  
Jemima Petch ◽  
Karina Bate
Keyword(s):  
Skill Training ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Couple Relationship ◽  
Relationship Education ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Structured Education ◽  
Couple Communication ◽  
Couple Relationship Education ◽  
The Relationship

Couple relationship education (CRE) is the provision of structured education intended to promote healthy couple relationships and prevent future relationship distress. CRE usually is brief, ranging in length from a single session (involving an assessment of the relationship with discussion of current strengths and challenges) to 12 to 14 hours of a skill-training curriculum. Research indicates that 10 or more hours of curriculum-based CRE produces short-term improvements in couple communication and relationship satisfaction; these findings have been well replicated. Though there is less research investigating the long-term effects of CRE, the available evidence suggests there is a benefit of CRE for couples at elevated risk of future relationship problems. Future research needs to further clarify which couples benefit from CRE, refine how CRE curriculum is tailored to address couples’ relationship needs, and enhance the reach of CRE to increase its community impact.

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