scholarly journals Expanding the role of tachykinins in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction

Reproduction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. R1-R14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysanthi Fergani ◽  
Víctor M Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Neurokinin A ◽  
Alternative Pathways ◽  
Gnrh Secretion ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Kndy Neurons

Reproductive function is driven by the hormonal interplay between the gonads and brain–pituitary axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is released in a pulsatile manner, which is critical for the attainment and maintenance of fertility; however, GnRH neurons lack the ability to directly respond to most regulatory factors, and a hierarchical upstream neuronal network governs its secretion. We and others proposed a model in which Kiss1 neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), called as KNDy neurons, release kisspeptin (a potent GnRH secretagogue) in a pulsatile manner to drive GnRH pulses under the coordinated autosynaptic action of its cotransmitters, the tachykinin neurokinin B (NKB, stimulatory) and dynorphin (inhibitory). Numerous genetic and pharmacological studies support this model; however, additional regulatory mechanisms (upstream of KNDy neurons) and alternative pathways of GnRH secretion (kisspeptin independent) exist, but remain ill defined. In this aspect, attention to other members of the tachykinin family, namely substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA), has recently been rekindled. Even though there are still major gaps in our knowledge about the functional significance of these systems, substantial evidence, as discussed below, is placing tachykinin signaling as an important pathway for the awakening of the reproductive axis and the onset of puberty to physiological GnRH secretion and maintenance of fertility in adulthood.

scholarly journals Emerging roles of epigenetics in the control of reproductive function: Focus on central neuroendocrine mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Jesus Vazquez ◽  
Silvia Daza-Dueñas ◽  
Manuel Tena-Sempere
Keyword(s):  
Perfect Match ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms ◽  
Essential Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract Reproduction is an essential function for perpetuation of the species. As such, it is controlled by sophisticated regulatory mechanisms, which allow a perfect match between environmental conditions and internal cues, to ensure adequate pubertal maturation and achievement of reproductive capacity. Besides classical genetic regulatory events, mounting evidence has documented that different epigenetic mechanisms operate at different levels of the reproductive axis to finely tune the development and function of this complex neuroendocrine system along the lifespan. In this mini-review, we will summarize recent evidence on the role of epigenetics in the control of reproduction, with special focus on the modulation of the central components of this axis. Particular attention will be paid to the epigenetic control of puberty and Kiss1 neurons, as major developments have taken place in this domain recently. In addition, the putative role of central epigenetic mechanisms in mediating the influence of nutritional and environmental cues on reproductive function will be also discussed.

scholarly journals Role of GnRH Neurons and Their Neuronal Afferents as Key Integrators between Food Intake Regulatory Signals and the Control of Reproduction

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Roa
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Metabolic Factors ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Metabolic Information

Reproductive function is regulated by a plethora of signals that integrate physiological and environmental information. Among others, metabolic factors are key components of this circuit since they inform about the propitious timing for reproduction depending on energy availability. This information is processed mainly at the hypothalamus that, in turn, modulates gonadotropin release from the pituitary and, thereby, gonadal activity. Metabolic hormones, such as leptin, insulin, and ghrelin, act as indicators of the energy status and convey this information to the reproductive axis regulating its activity. In this review, we will analyse the central mechanisms involved in the integration of this metabolic information and their contribution to the control of the reproductive function. Particular attention will be paid to summarize the participation of GnRH, Kiss1, NPY, and POMC neurons in this process and their possible interactions to contribute to the metabolic control of reproduction.

scholarly journals Adipokines and the Female Reproductive Tract

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Reverchon ◽  
Christelle Ramé ◽  
Michael Bertoldo ◽  
Joëlle Dupont
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Reproductive Tract ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Endocrine Effect ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis

It is well known that adipose tissue can influence puberty, sexual maturation, and fertility in different species. Adipose tissue secretes molecules called adipokines which most likely have an endocrine effect on reproductive function. It has been revealed over the last few years that adipokines are functionally implicated at all levels of the reproductive axis including the gonad and hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Many studies have shown the presence and the role of the adipokines and their receptors in the female reproductive tract of different species. These adipokines regulate ovarian steroidogenesis, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. They are also present in the uterus and placenta where they could create a favorable environment for embryonic implantation and play a key role in maternal-fetal metabolism communication and gestation. Reproductive functions are strongly dependent on energy balance, and thereby metabolic abnormalities can lead to the development of some pathophysiologies such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Adipokines could be a link between reproduction and energy metabolism and could partly explain some infertility related to obesity or PCOS.

scholarly journals The roles of melanin-concentrating hormone in energy balance and reproductive function: are they connected?

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 146 (5) ◽  
pp. R141-R150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Naufahu ◽  
Adam D Cunliffe ◽  
Joanne F Murray
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Reproductive Axis ◽  
Literature Evidence ◽  
Complex Control System ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an anabolic neuropeptide with multiple and diverse physiological functions including a key role in energy homoeostasis. Rodent studies have shown that the ablation of functional MCH results in a lean phenotype, increased energy expenditure and resistance to diet-induced obesity. These findings have generated interest among pharmaceutical companies vigilant for potential anti-obesity agents. Nutritional status affects reproductive physiology and behaviours, thereby optimising reproductive success and the ability to meet energetic demands. This complex control system entails the integration of direct or indirect peripheral stimuli with central effector systems and involves numerous mediators. A role for MCH in the reproductive axis has emerged, giving rise to the premise that MCH may serve as an integratory mediator between those discrete systems that regulate energy balance and reproductive function. Hence, this review focuses on published evidence concerning i) the role of MCH in energy homoeostasis and ii) the regulatory role of MCH in the reproductive axis. The question as to whether the MCH system mediates the integration of energy homoeostasis with the neuroendocrine reproductive axis and, if so, by what means has received limited coverage in the literature; evidence to date and current theories are summarised herein.

Role of chromium (III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-62
Author(s):  
R. Iskra ◽  
V. Vlizlo ◽  
R. Fedoruk
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Metabolic Effect ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Cultural Medium ◽  
Milk Performance ◽  
Chromium Compounds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Sources

The results of our studies and the data of modern literature regarding the biological role of Cr(III) compounds in conditions of their application in the nutrition for pigs and cattle are discussed. The metabolic impact of Cr(III), coming from different sources – mineral and organic compounds, obtained by chemical synthesis or a nanotechnological method (chromium citrate), as well as in the form of biocomplexes from the cultural medium of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts was analyzed. The metabolic connection between the impact of Cr(III) and the biosynthesis of some hormones – insulin, cortisol – as well as the sensitivity of some tissues and organs to the effect of chromium compounds was studied. A considerable part of the review material was dedicated to the metabolic effect of Cr(III) compounds on the reproductive function of pigs and cattle and their impact on the viability of the offspring and gametes of animals. The data about the stimulating effect of Cr(III) on the growth and development of the organism of piglets and calves, meat and milk performance of these species of animals are discussed. The relevance of dosing Cr(III) in the nutrition of pigs and cattle is highlighted.

scholarly journals Role of Selenium and Selenoproteins in Male Reproductive Function: A Review of Past and Present Evidences

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izhar Hyder Qazi ◽  
Christiana Angel ◽  
Haoxuan Yang ◽  
Evangelos Zoidis ◽  
Bo Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Fertility ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antioxidant Defense ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Male Reproductive Function ◽  
The Subject

Selenium (Se) is an important trace mineral having many essential roles at the cellular and organismal levels in animal and human health. The biological effects of Se are mainly carried out by selenoproteins (encoded by 25 genes in humans and 24 in mice). As an essential component of selenoproteins, Se performs structural and enzymic roles; in the latter context it is well known for its catalytic and antioxidative functions. Studies involving different animal models have added great value to our understanding regarding the potential implications of Se and selenoproteins in mammalian fertility and reproduction. In this review, we highlight the implications of selenoproteins in male fertility and reproduction followed by the characteristic biological functions of Se and selenoproteins associated with overall male reproductive function. It is evident from observations of past studies (both animal and human) that Se is essentially required for spermatogenesis and male fertility, presumably because of its vital role in modulation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and other essential biological pathways and redox sensitive transcription factors. However, bearing in mind the evidences from mainstream literature, it is also advisable to perform more studies focusing on the elucidation of additional roles played by the peculiar and canonical selenoproteins i.e., glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) in the male reproductive functions. Nevertheless, search for the elucidation of additional putative mechanisms potentially modulated by other biologically relevant selenoproteins should also be included in the scope of future studies. However, as for the implication of Se in fertility and reproduction in men, though a few clinical trials explore the effects of Se supplementation on male fertility, due to inconsistencies in the recruitment of subjects and heterogeneity of designs, the comparison of such studies is still complicated and less clear. Therefore, further research focused on the roles of Se and selenoproteins is awaited for validating the evidences at hand and outlining any therapeutic schemes intended for improving male fertility. As such, new dimensions could be added to the subject of male fertility and Se supplementation.

scholarly journals Targeting Hedgehog Signalling through the Ubiquitylation Process: The Multiple Roles of the HECT-E3 Ligase Itch

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Infante ◽  
Ludovica Lospinoso Severini ◽  
Flavia Bernardi ◽  
Francesca Bufalieri ◽  
Lucia Di Marcotullio
Keyword(s):  
E3 Ligase ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Hedgehog Signalling ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Multiple Levels

Hedgehog signalling (Hh) is a developmental conserved pathway strongly involved in cancers when deregulated. This important pathway is orchestrated by numerous regulators, transduces through distinct routes and is finely tuned at multiple levels. In this regard, ubiquitylation processes stand as essential for controlling Hh pathway output. Although this post-translational modification governs proteins turnover, it is also implicated in non-proteolytic events, thereby regulating the most important cellular functions. The HECT E3 ligase Itch, well known to control immune response, is emerging to have a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. By illustrating Itch specificities on Hh signalling key components, here we review the role of this HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase in suppressing Hh-dependent tumours and explore its potential as promising target for innovative therapeutic approaches.

Both M1 and M3 receptors regulate exocrine secretion by mucous acini

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (6) ◽  
pp. C1963-C1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Culp ◽  
W. Luo ◽  
L. A. Richardson ◽  
G. E. Watson ◽  
L. R. Latchney
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Exocrine Secretion ◽  
Muscarinic Agonist ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Muscarinic Response ◽  
M1 Receptor ◽  
M3 Receptors ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Equilibrium Dissociation

We investigated the role of M1 and M3 receptors in regulating exocrine secretion from acini isolated from rat sublingual glands. In secretion experiments, we derived affinity values (KB) from Schild regression analysis for the antagonists pirenzepine (61.0 nM) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP; 1.06 nM). The KB for 4-DAMP is similar to its affinity value [equilibrium dissociation constant from competition studies (Ki); 1.81 nM] determined from radioligand competition experiments. In contrast, the KB for pirenzepine is between its high-affinity (17.6 nM) and low-affinity (404 nM) Ki values. In separate secretion experiments, we found that the M1 receptor antagonist, M1-toxin, induces a rightward shift in the concentration-response curve to muscarinic agonist and inhibits maximal secretion by 40%. The inhibitory effect of M1-toxin appears specific for M1 receptor blockade, since the toxin abolishes acinar high-affinity pirenzepine-binding sites and does not inhibit secretion induced by nonmuscarinic agents. Additional pharmacological studies indicate muscarinic receptors do not function through putative neural elements within isolated acini. Our combined results are consistent with both M1 and M3 receptors directly regulating mucous acinar exocrine secretion and indicate M3 receptors alone are insufficient to induce a maximal muscarinic response.

scholarly journals The Potential Applications of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated ReceptorδLigands in Assisted Reproductive Technology

PPAR Research ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaou-Chen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technology ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Reproductive Technology ◽  
Embryonic Cell ◽  
Preimplantation Embryos ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
And Function

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ(PPARδ, also known as PPARβ) has ubiquitous distribution and extensive biological functions. The reproductive function of PPARδwas first revealed in the uterus at the implantation site. Since then, PPARδand its ligand have been discovered in all reproductive tissues, including the gametes and the preimplantation embryos. PPARδin preimplantation embryos is normally activated by oviduct-derived PPARδligand. PPARδactivation is associated with an increase in embryonic cell proliferation and a decrease in programmed cell death (apoptosis). On the other hand, the role of PPARδand its ligand in gamete formation and function is less well understood. This review will summarize the reproductive functions of PPARδand project its potential applications in assisted reproductive technology.

Possible role of serotonin and neuropeptide Y on the disruption of the reproductive axis activity by perfluorooctane sulfonate

2015 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. López-Doval ◽  
R. Salgado ◽  
B. Fernández-Pérez ◽  
A. Lafuente
Keyword(s):  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate ◽  
Reproductive Axis
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