scholarly journals Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects

Reproduction ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. R15-R30 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Rath ◽  
S Barcikowski ◽  
S de Graaf ◽  
W Garrels ◽  
R Grossfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Sorting Efficiency ◽  
Biological Solutions ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Pre-selection of spermatozoa based on the relative DNA difference between X- and Y-chromosome bearing populations by flow cytometry is an established method that has been introduced into commercial cattle production. Although several important improvements have increased the sort efficiency, the fertilising ability of sexed spermatozoa based on offspring per insemination is still behind farmers' expectations. The main stress factors, especially on mitochondria, that reduce the lifespan of spermatozoa are described, and new technical as well as biological solutions to maintain the natural sperm integrity and to increase the sorting efficiency are discussed. Among these methods are the identification of Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa by bi-functionalised gold nanoparticles and triplex hybridisationin vivoas well as new laser-controlled deflection system that replaces the deflection of spermatozoa in the electrostatic field. Additionally, as well as a new nonsurgical transfer system of spermatozoa into the oviduct of cows has been developed and allows a significant reduction of spermatozoa per transfer. Altogether, the improvements made in the recent years will allow a broader use of sex-sorted spermatozoa even in those species that require more cells than cows and sheep.

scholarly journals Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects

Reproduction ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. X1 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Rath ◽  
S Barcikowski ◽  
S de Graaf ◽  
W Garrels ◽  
R Grossfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Selection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Selection of adjuvants in the design of an inactivated vaccine against respiratory infections of cattle

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Prytychenko ◽  
P.A. Krasochko ◽  
N.K. Eremets ◽  
O.V. Provotorova
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Intensive Exploitation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Infectious diseases of young farm animals are a serious problem for the livestock industry. Modern industrial technology of keeping animals, contributing to the emergence of viral diseases, often leads to a decrease in the immunological reactivity of their body, due to the underdevelopment of the immune system of young animals (primary immunodeficiency), food toxicosis, insufficient and unbalanced in various components feeding, as well as the impact of stress factors inherent in industrial technology – rearing animals, transportation, microclimate changing, forming large groups of animals, small feeding area, intensive exploitation. These factors negatively affect the immune system and metabolic processes, which leads to a significant decrease in their resistance to infectious diseases. In turn, the causative agents of viral respiratory diseases inhibit the cellular and humoral components of the immune system. Epizootological monitoring shows that viruses of infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3 and respiratory syncytial infection in cattle are the main cause of pathological processes in respiratory diseases of young animals. Animal specific prophylactic methods are effective in preventing infectious diseases. Immunization of a pregnant herd promotes the birth of young animals with a full-fledged immune system. In mixed infections, it is difficult to determine the leading role of a particular infectious agent, therefore the most effective method for preventing such diseases is associated vaccines. In the process of designing a vaccine, the selection of antigens and an adjuvant is of great importance, contributing to the formation of a specific and long-term immunity. We studied the comparative efficacy of adjuvants and the antigenic activity of the selected viral strains of infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea, parainfluenza-3 and respiratory syncytial infection of cattle. The dynamics of biosynthesis of antiviral antibodies after immunization in cows were determined.

Selection of specific genotypes ofgiardia intestinalisby growthin vitroandin vivo

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Andrews ◽  
N. B. Chilton ◽  
G. Mayrhofer
Keyword(s):  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Gene Switching ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

SUMMARYThis study examined whether allelic changes observed when clinical isolates ofGiardia intestinalismade in suckling mice were adapted toin vitrogrowth occurred as a result of gene switching (alternate isoenzymes) or through selection of organisms with different genotypes from mixed infections. Samples were compared electrophoretically at 20 enzyme loci. Marked allelic differences were detected between the uncloned clinical isolates grown in mice and the axenic cultures established from them. Furthermore, the allelic profiles of the uncloned isolates changed during the course ofin vivoorin vitrogrowth. In contrast, all clones produced from each isolate retained identical allelic profiles, regardless of whether they were grownin vivoorin vitro. These findings argue against gene switching as an explanation for the observed allozyme changes and support preferential selection of organisms with specific genotypes by growth conditions. The data indicate the presence of at least 2 and possibly up to 4 distinct genotypes within each clinical isolate. The genetic differences detected between clinical isolates in suckling mice were of similar magnitude to those that separate different axenic isolates ofG. intestinalisinto cryptic species. Conversely, the genetic differences between the isolates were limited when sampled after establishmentin vitro. These findings have significant implications for research onGiardiaand other medically important parasites and raise the possibility that culture may exert a similar selective bias on the genotypes isolated from infections with other parasitic protozoa.

WINTER WHEAT DEVELOPED BY THE UDMURT RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE IN COMPETITIVE VARIETY TESTING

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-16
Author(s):  
I.V. TORBINA ◽  
◽  
I.R. FARDEYEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Commercial Use ◽  
Breeding Material ◽  
Rotation Pattern ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Variety Testing ◽  
Made In ◽  
Research Institute

The paper assesses the promising varieties of winter wheat in a competitive variety test by the main economic and biological characteristics that determine the suitability of the variety for commercial use. The object of research was the authors’ own breeding material. The experiments on the selection of winter wheat were made in the experimental crop rotation pattern of the Institute.

Strategies to Protect Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Culture-Induced Stress Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Aerts-Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Induced Stress

: In contrast to their almost unlimited potential for expansion in vivo and despite years of dedicated research and optimization of expansion protocols, the expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSCs) in vitro remains remarkably limited. Increased understanding of the mechanisms that are involved in maintenance, expansion and differentiation of HSCs will enable the development of better protocols for expansion of HSCs. This will allow procurement of HSCs with long-term engraftment potential and a better understanding of the effects of the external influences in and on the hematopoietic niche that may affect HSC function. During collection and culture of HSCs, the cells are exposed to suboptimal conditions that may induce different levels of stress and ultimately affect their self-renewal, differentiation and long-term engraftment potential. Some of these stress factors include normoxia, oxidative stress, extra-physiologic oxygen shock/stress (EPHOSS), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, replicative stress, and stress related to DNA damage. Coping with these stress factors may help reduce the negative effects of cell culture on HSC potential, provide a better understanding of the true impact of certain treatments in the absence of confounding stress factors. This may facilitate the development of better ex vivo expansion protocols of HSCs with long-term engraftment potential without induction of stem cell exhaustion by cellular senescence or loss of cell viability. This review summarizes some of available strategies that may be used to protect HSCs from culture-induced stress conditions.

Evidence-based Assessment

2010 ◽  
pp. 76-98
Author(s):  
John Hunsley ◽  
Eric J. Mash
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
The Many ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Made In

Evidence-based assessment relies on research and theory to inform the selection of constructs to be assessed for a specific assessment purpose, the methods and measures to be used in the assessment, and the manner in which the assessment process unfolds. An evidence-based approach to clinical assessment necessitates the recognition that, even when evidence-based instruments are used, the assessment process is a decision-making task in which hypotheses must be iteratively formulated and tested. In this chapter, we review (a) the progress that has been made in developing an evidence-based approach to clinical assessment in the past decade and (b) the many challenges that lie ahead if clinical assessment is to be truly evidence-based.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo inhibition of malaria parasite infection by monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Merricka C. Livingstone ◽  
Alexis A. Bitzer ◽  
Alish Giri ◽  
Kun Luo ◽  
Rajeshwer S. Sankhala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Vaccine Candidate ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Circumsporozoite Protein ◽  
Target Epitope ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractPlasmodium falciparum malaria contributes to a significant global disease burden. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the most abundant sporozoite stage antigen, is a prime vaccine candidate. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CSP map to either a short junctional sequence or the central (NPNA)n repeat region. We compared in vitro and in vivo activities of six CSP-specific mAbs derived from human recipients of a recombinant CSP vaccine RTS,S/AS01 (mAbs 317 and 311); an irradiated whole sporozoite vaccine PfSPZ (mAbs CIS43 and MGG4); or individuals exposed to malaria (mAbs 580 and 663). RTS,S mAb 317 that specifically binds the (NPNA)n epitope, had the highest affinity and it elicited the best sterile protection in mice. The most potent inhibitor of sporozoite invasion in vitro was mAb CIS43 which shows dual-specific binding to the junctional sequence and (NPNA)n. In vivo mouse protection was associated with the mAb reactivity to the NANPx6 peptide, the in vitro inhibition of sporozoite invasion activity, and kinetic parameters measured using intact mAbs or their Fab fragments. Buried surface area between mAb and its target epitope was also associated with in vivo protection. Association and disconnects between in vitro and in vivo readouts has important implications for the design and down-selection of the next generation of CSP based interventions.

scholarly journals Whither Magnetic Hyperthermia? A Tentative Roadmap

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Irene Rubia-Rodríguez ◽  
Antonio Santana-Otero ◽  
Simo Spassov ◽  
Etelka Tombácz ◽  
Christer Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Magnetic Hyperthermia ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
In Vivo Testing ◽  
Evolution Of Science ◽  
Made In ◽  
Critical Aspects

The scientific community has made great efforts in advancing magnetic hyperthermia for the last two decades after going through a sizeable research lapse from its establishment. All the progress made in various topics ranging from nanoparticle synthesis to biocompatibilization and in vivo testing have been seeking to push the forefront towards some new clinical trials. As many, they did not go at the expected pace. Today, fruitful international cooperation and the wisdom gain after a careful analysis of the lessons learned from seminal clinical trials allow us to have a future with better guarantees for a more definitive takeoff of this genuine nanotherapy against cancer. Deliberately giving prominence to a number of critical aspects, this opinion review offers a blend of state-of-the-art hints and glimpses into the future of the therapy, considering the expected evolution of science and technology behind magnetic hyperthermia.

scholarly journals Cortical neurons exhibit diverse myelination patterns that scale between mouse brain regions and regenerate after demyelination

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody L. Call ◽  
Dwight E. Bergles
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Axon Diameter ◽  
Neuronal Identity ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Myelin Sheaths ◽  
Parvalbumin Interneurons ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTAxons in the cerebral cortex show a broad range of myelin coverage. Oligodendrocytes establish this pattern by selecting a cohort of axons for myelination; however, the distribution of myelin on distinct neurons and extent of internode replacement after demyelination remain to be defined. Here we show that myelination patterns of seven distinct neuron subtypes in somatosensory cortex are influenced by both axon diameter and neuronal identity. Preference for myelination of parvalbumin interneurons was preserved between cortical areas with varying myelin density, suggesting that regional differences in myelin abundance arises through local control of oligodendrogenesis. By imaging loss and regeneration of myelin sheaths in vivo we show that myelin distribution on individual axons was altered but overall myelin content on distinct neuron subtypes was restored. Our findings suggest that local changes in myelination are tolerated, allowing regenerated oligodendrocytes to restore myelin content on distinct neurons through opportunistic selection of axons.

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