scholarly journals Retrograde tracing of spinal cord connections to the cervix with pregnancy in mice

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A Kirby ◽  
Mary M Groves ◽  
Steven M Yellon
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Motor Areas

In contrast to the uterus, the cervix is well innervated during pregnancy and the density of nerve fibers increases before birth. To assess neural connections between the cervix and the spinal cord, the cervix of pregnant mice was injected with the trans-synaptic retrograde neural tract tracer pseudorabies virus (PRV). After 5 days, the virus was present in nerve cells and fibers in specific areas of the sensory, autonomic, and motor subdivisions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord. In nonpregnant controls, the virus was predominantly distributed in laminae I–III in the dorsal gray sensory areas with the heaviest label in the substantia gelatinosa compared with the autonomic or motor areas. Labeled cells and processes were sparse in other regions, except for a prominent cluster in the intermediolateral column (lamina VII). Photomicrographs of spinal cord sections were digitized, and the total area with the virus was estimated. Compared with nonpregnant controls, the area with PRV was significantly decreased in all the spinal cord subdivisions in pregnant mice except in the intermediolateral column. However, areas with the virus were equivalent in mice injected with PRV at 4 days or 1 day before birth. These findings suggest that the predominant innervation of the murine cervix is from the sensory regions of the thoracolumbar spinal cord, and that these connections diminish with pregnancy. The results raise the possibility that the remaining connections from sensory and autonomic subdivisions, particularly the intermediolateral column, of the thoracolumbar spinal cord may be important for increased density of nerve fibers in the cervix as pregnancy nears term.

scholarly journals 5'-NUCLEOTIDASE AND AN ACID PHOSPHATASE OF SPINAL CORD COMPARATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY AND SPECIFICITY OF THE ENZYMES IN MOUSE AND CAT SPINAL CORDS. CYTOLOGIC LOCALIZATION IN MOUSE SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 802-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANITA A. SURAN
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Nucleotidase Activity ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Mouse Spinal Cord ◽  
Optimal Activity ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Histochemical procedures show a concentrated zone of phosphomonoesterase activity in the substantia gelatinosa of mouse spinal cord which represents at least two enzymic activities. At pH 7,5'-nucleotidase activity is observed in both somata and neuropil, while at pH 5 the reaction is evident only in somata. An acid phosphatase of unknown specificity is seen in somata only and exhibits optimal activity near pH 5. No comparable enzymic reactions are observed in cat spinal cord sections. Electron microscopic studies demonstrate separate cytologic distributions of the two enzymic activities in substantia gelatinosa. With nucleotides, the reaction is confined to boundaries of processes within the neuropil and to nuclei at pH 7. At pH 5 using an acid phosphatase substrate, β-glycerol phosphate, slight reactions were noted within nerve fibers. Use of β-glycerol phosphate near pH 7 demonstrates both types of activity simultaneously, the boundary reactions typical of the nucleotidase and the reactions within axons and dendrites characteristic of the phosphatase.

scholarly journals Pregnancy-related changes in connections from the cervix to forebrain and hypothalamus in mice

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M Yellon ◽  
Lauren A Grisham ◽  
Genevieve M Rambau ◽  
Thomas J Lechuga ◽  
Michael A Kirby
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Periventricular Nucleus ◽  
Pregnant Mice

The transneuronal tracer pseudorabies virus was used to test the hypothesis that connections from the cervix to the forebrain and hypothalamus are maintained with pregnancy. The virus was injected into the cervix of nonpregnant or pregnant mice, and, after 5 days, virus-labeled cells and fibers were found in specific forebrain regions and, most prominently, in portions of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. With pregnancy, fewer neurons and fibers were evident in most brain regions compared to that in nonpregnant mice. In particular, little or no virus was found in the medial and ventral parvocellular subdivisions, anteroventral periventricular nucleus, or motor cortex in pregnant mice. By contrast, labeling of virus was sustained in the dorsal hypothalamus and suprachiasmatic nucleus in all groups. Based upon image analysis of digitized photomicrographs, the area with label in the rostral and medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus and magnocellular subdivisions was significantly reduced in mice whose cervix was injected with virus during pregnancy than in nonpregnant mice. The findings indicate that connections from the cervix to brain regions that are involved in sensory input and integrative autonomic functions are reduced during pregnancy. The findings raise the possibility that remaining pathways from the cervix to the forebrain and hypothalamus may be important for control of pituitary neuroendocrine secretion, as well as for effector functions in the cervix as pregnancy nears term.

Endings of the vagus nerve fibers in the mammalian heart

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
B. I. Lavrent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Mammalian Heart ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Spiral Fibers

In 1893, Prof. V.V. Nikolaev, having cut vagus nerves of a frog, saw under a microscope degeneration of so-called spiral fibers and pericellular apparatuses on nerve cells of intracardiac nodes. Later these observations were thoroughly verified by Prof. D.V. Polumordvinov and fully confirmed by him. I had a chance to look through amazing by technique preparations of the late Prof. Polumordvinov, obtained by methylene blue method, on which decay of pericellular apparatuses in cardiac ganglia of a frog was absolutely clearly visible. D. V-ch, who died untimely in 1919, unfortunately, did not have time to publish in detail his important study; the manuscript and drawings of his work also remained undiscovered.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON ENTRY AND EGRESS OF POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION

1950 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold K. Faber ◽  
Rosalie J. Silverberg ◽  
Lester A. Luz ◽  
Luther Dong
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Secondary Phase ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infraorbital Nerve ◽  
Gasserian Ganglion ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Axonal Conduction ◽  
Initial Stage

Excretion of poliomyelitis virus has been demonstrated in monkeys after four different parenteral routes of inoculation. Virus has been found in both the pharyngeal secretions and the stools after infraorbital nerve dip and after inoculation of the Gasserian ganglion; in the pharyngeal secretions after intrathalamic inoculation; and in the stools after inoculation of the celiac ganglion. Excretion began as early as the 2nd and as late as the 7th day after inoculation, in all instances before the onset of symptoms. The immediate source of the excreted virus appeared to be infected peripheral ganglia with neural connections to the mucous membranes of the upper and lower portions of the alimentary tract, notably the pharynx. Primary infection of the body surfaces was excluded in the experiments and therefore could not account for the excretion of virus. The mode of elimination was probably by centrifugal spread through axons of peripheral nerve fibers and not by way of the blood stream or lymphatics. Evidence was obtained that when excretion of virus has once occurred, reinvasion from the implicated surface to other, previously uninfected peripheral ganglia ensues, thus providing new sources for excretion and other potential pathways for invasion of the CNS. It is suggested that such reinvasion may occur serially until the immunological defenses come into play. Our experiments lend support to the view that during the initial stage of poliomyelitis, and perhaps throughout its course in some cases, e.g. the asymptomatic and the mild cases without central nervous symptoms, infection is confined to the peripheral nervous system. Involvement of the CNS when it occurs is a secondary phase of the infective process and is not a necessary prelude to elimination of the virus. Excretion is explainable on the basis of the established neurocytotropism and axonal conduction of the virus without resort to the hypothesis of extraneural infection.

scholarly journals A Contribution to the Morbid Anatomy and the Pathology of General Paralysis of the Insane

1900 ◽  
Vol 46 (195) ◽  
pp. 688-711
Author(s):  
David Orr ◽  
Thomas Philip Cowen
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
General Paralysis ◽  
Preliminary Communication ◽  
Morbid Anatomy

At the last February meeting of the Manchester Pathological Society we made a preliminary communication upon this subject, limited to a description of the changes found in the cortical nerve-cells and the descending degenerations in the spinal cord. Since then we have examined a much larger number of cases, and can therefore give a fuller description, with observations upon other points in the morbid anatomy of general paralysis of the insane.

An EM analysis of the synaptic connections of horseradish peroxidase-filled stalked cells and islet cells in the substantia gelatinosa of adult cat spinal cord

1980 ◽  
Vol 194 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Gobel ◽  
William M. Falls ◽  
Gary J. Bennett ◽  
Mohammed Abdelmoumene ◽  
Haruhide Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Islet Cells ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Adult Cat

Nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of vessels and nerve fibers in rat spinal cord using phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianzhong Hu ◽  
Ping Li ◽  
Xianzhen Yin ◽  
Tianding Wu ◽  
Yong Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging ◽  
Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography ◽  
The Brain

The spinal cord is the primary neurological link between the brain and other parts of the body, but unlike those of the brain, advances in spinal cord imaging have been challenged by the more complicated and inhomogeneous anatomy of the spine. Fortunately with the advancement of high technology, phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography has become widespread in scientific research because of its ability to generate high-quality and high-resolution images. In this study, this method has been employed for nondestructive imaging of the internal microstructure of rat spinal cord. Furthermore, digital virtual slices based on phase-contrast synchrotron radiation were compared with conventional histological sections. The three-dimensional internal microstructure of the intramedullary arteries and nerve fibers was vividly detected within the same spinal cord specimen without the application of a stain or contrast agent or sectioning. With the aid of image post-processing, an optimization of vessel and nerve fiber images was obtained. The findings indicated that phase-contrast synchrotron radiation microtomography is unique in the field of three-dimensional imaging and sets novel standards for pathophysiological investigations in various neurovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Systemic Administration of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Improves the Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) in Rats and Attenuates SCI-Induced Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sipin Zhu ◽  
Yibo Ying ◽  
Lin Ye ◽  
Weiyang Ying ◽  
Jiahui Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor ◽  
Functional Recovery ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Systemic Administration ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
Cord Injury

Protecting the death of nerve cells is an essential tactic for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. Recent studies show that nerve growth factors can reduce the death of nerve cells and promote the healing of nerve injury. To investigate the conducive effect of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) on SCI repair. FGF21 proteins were systemically delivered into rat model of SCI via tail vein injection. We found that administration of FGF21 significantly promoted the functional recovery of SCI as assessed by BBB scale and inclined plane test, and attenuated cell death in the injured area by histopathological examination with Nissl staining. This was accompanied with increased expression of NeuN, GAP43 and NF200, and deceased expression of GFAP. Interestingly, FGF21 was found to attenuate the elevated expression level of the autophagy marker LC3-II (microtubules associated protein 1 light chain 3-II) induced by SCI in a dose-dependent manner. These data show that FGF21 promotes the functional recovery of SCI via restraining injury-induced cell autophagy, suggesting that systemic administration of FGF21 could have a therapeutic potential for SCI repair.

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