THE EFFECTS OF CASTRATION ON BODY COMPOSITION, ADIPOSE TISSUE CELLULARITY AND LIPID AND CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN ADULT MALE RATS

1976 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 644-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
John G. Kral ◽  
Lars-Eric Tisell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Sprague Dawley

ABSTRACT Gonadal hormones affect body composition, food intake, weight gain and serum lipids in numerous species including man. In this study, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated or sham-operated at 16 weeks of age. During the 6-week observation period with weekly records of food intake and weight gain, these parameters were significantly lower in the castrated group. The decrease in food intake in this group could not account for the difference in body weight between the groups, indicating a lower feed utilisation in the castrates. At sacrifice accessory reproductive organs, the levator ani muscle, thymus and adrenals were dissected for determination of organ weight and histology, revealing significant reductions in the accessory reproductive organs and levator ani of the castrates. The thymus was significantly heavier in the castrated animals. No differences were found in the adrenals. Two of the sham-operated animals had signs of accidental functional castration. The proportion of body cell mass and total lipid of the carcass was the same in both groups. Significant reductions in adipocyte weights were found in the epididymal depots of the castrated rats. Blood samples taken at sacrifice in pentobarbital anaesthesia were analysed for glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, FFA, glycerol and protein. Statistically significant reductions in triglycerides and protein were recorded in the castrated animals without any significant changes in the other parameters studied. The results are discussed with reference to the age of castration and the importance of the reduced food intake in castrated animals.

Effects on growth and body composition of androgen deprivation by castration or autoimmunization to LH-releasing hormone in the male rat under conditions of controlled food intake

1986 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Fletcher ◽  
G. E. Lobley ◽  
A. Connell
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Energy Retention ◽  
Lh Releasing Hormone ◽  
Testicular Steroids ◽  
Intact Rats

ABSTRACT The effects of endogenous gonadal hormones on the regulation of body composition and energy retention have been investigated under conditions of controlled food intake. Male and female rats were fed the same amount from weaning to 82 days of age. The carcases of males contained more protein, less lipid and yielded more ash than females, but they had the same amount of total energy in their carcases as females. In a second experiment, male rats were sham-operated or castrated at 19 days and then fed equal amounts from weaning. At 40 days, intact and castrated rats did not differ in total carcase energy content nor in carcase composition. At 82 days the carcases of intact rats had more protein but had retained the same amount of energy as castrated rats. By 131 days, the difference in protein content was larger and intact rats had less carcase lipid, less carcase energy and gave less ash than castrated rats. At the same age and with a similar food intake, the differences in carcase composition between intact males and females were considerably larger than between intact and castrated males. In a third experiment, male rats were sham-operated or castrated at 1 day post partum and fed the same amount as in the second experiment from weaning to 82 days. Both sham-castrated and castrated rats grew less well than rats operated on at 19 days. The differences in carcase composition between intact and castrated rats were in the same direction but of greater magnitude than in rats operated at the later age. In a fourth experiment the effects on body compositon and energy retention of sham-operation, castration or immunization to LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) at weaning were compared in male rats fed the same amount from weaning to 131 days. Intact rats retained less carcase energy, less lipid and produced less ash than castrated and LHRH-immunized animals. Castrated and LHRH-immunized rats did not differ in carcase composition or amount of energy retained. It is concluded that (1) endogenous sex steroids affect growth and carcase composition independently of food intake, (2) the characteristic carcase composition of the female rat is largely due to the presence of ovarian steroids rather than lack of testicular steroids, (3) in the absence of increased food intake the effects of testicular steroids upon growth and energy expenditure are small but similar to those found in animals with free access to food, (4) the long-terms effects of perinatal exposure to testicular steroids upon growth and carcase composition are not only a consequence of changed food intake and (5) surgical castration and functional castration, induced by LHRH auto-immunization, produce the same effects on carcase composition. J. Endocr. (1986) 110, 97–102

THE GROWTH OF THE VENTRAL PROSTATE THE DORSOLATERAL PROSTATE, THE COAGULATING GLANDS AND THE SEMINAL VESICLES IN CASTRATED MALE RATS INJECTED WITH ACTH AND/OR INSULIN

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 694-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Eric Tisell ◽  
Lennart Angervall
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Regular Insulin ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ventral Prostate ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Adrenal Steroids ◽  
Protamine Zinc Insulin

ABSTRACT The growth of the ventral and the dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands, seminal vesicles and levator ani muscle was studied in castrated male rats after fifteen days of daily injections with ACTH or insulin alone, or in combination. ACTH was given in a dose of 8 IU daily. Insulin was administered in increasing daily doses, i. e. regular insulin up to 8 IU and protamine zinc insulin up to 10 IU. After ACTH treatment there were variable histological signs of stimulation of the dorsolateral prostate, while the other accessory reproductive organs showed no response. Regular insulin produced no quantitative or morphological changes in the accessory reproductive organs, and no morphological signs of increased secretion of the adrenal steroids. Administration of ACTH and regular insulin in combination stimulated the growth of all the accessory reproductive organs. Protamine zinc insulin produced prolonged hypoglycaemia and morphological signs of increase secretion of adrenal steroids, thus the adrenals became enlarged and the thymus atrophic. Protamine zinc insulin stimulated growth of all the accessory reproductive organs, a stimulation which was further accentuated after combination with ACTH. Possible mechanisms for the action of insulin on the male accessory reproductive organs are discussed. The varying response of the different parts of the prostate and the seminal vesicles emphasizes the importance of the simultaneous examination of these organs.

scholarly journals Role of Ventromedial Hypothalamus in Sucrose-Induced Obesity on Metabolic Parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312110057
Author(s):  
Archana Gaur ◽  
G.K. Pal ◽  
Pravati Pal
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ventromedial Hypothalamus ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Significant Weight Gain ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Background: Obesity is because of excessive fat accumulation that affects health adversely in the form of various diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and many other disorders. Our Indian diet is rich in carbohydrates, and hence the sucrose-induced obesity is an apt model to mimic this. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is linked to the regulation of food intake in animals as well as humans. Purpose: To understand the role of VMHin sucrose-induced obesity on metabolic parameters. Methods: A total of 24 adult rats were made obese by feeding them on a 32% sucrose solution for 10 weeks. The VMH nucleus was ablated in the experimental group and sham lesions were made in the control group. Food intake, body weight, and biochemical parameters were compared before and after the lesion. Results: Male rats had a significant weight gain along with hyperphagia, whereas female rats did not have a significant weight gain inspite of hyperphagia. Insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were seen in both the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: A sucrose diet produces obesity which is similar to the metabolic syndrome with insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, and a VMH lesion further exaggerates it. Males are more prone to this exaggeration.

scholarly journals Neonatal nutritional programming impairs adiponectin effects on energy homeostasis in adult life of male rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 315 (1) ◽  
pp. E29-E37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Peduti Halah ◽  
Paula Beatriz Marangon ◽  
Jose Antunes-Rodrigues ◽  
Lucila L. K. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nutritional Programming

Neonatal nutritional changes induce long-lasting effects on energy homeostasis. Adiponectin influences food intake and body weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of neonatal nutritional programming on the central stimulation of adiponectin. Male Wistar rats were divided on postnatal (PN) day 3 in litters of 3 (small litter, SL), 10 (normal litter, NL), or 16 pups/dam (large litter, LL). We assessed body weight gain for 60 days, adiponectin concentration, and white adipose tissue weight. We examined the response of SL, NL, and LL rats on body weight gain, food intake, oxygen consumption (V̇o2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calorimetry, locomotor activity, phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression in the hypothalamus, and uncoupling protein (UCP)-1 in the brown adipose tissue after central stimulus with adiponectin. After weaning, SL rats maintained higher body weight gain despite similar food intake compared with NL rats. LL rats showed lower body weight at weaning, with a catch up afterward and higher food intake. Both LL and SL groups had decreased plasma concentrations of adiponectin at PN60. SL rats had increased white adipose tissue. Central injection of adiponectin decreased body weight and food intake and increased V̇o2, RER, calorimetry, p-AMPK and UCP- 1 expression in NL rats, but it had no effect on SL and LL rats, compared with the respective vehicle groups. In conclusion, neonatal under- and overfeeding induced an increase in body weight gain in juvenile and early adult life. Unresponsiveness to central effects of adiponectin contributes to the imbalance of the energy homeostasis in adult life induced by neonatal nutritional programming.

scholarly journals Different Short-Term Mild Exercise Modalities Lead to Differential Effects on Body Composition in Healthy Prepubertal Male Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Sontam ◽  
M. H. Vickers ◽  
J. M. O’Sullivan ◽  
M. Watson ◽  
E. C. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Bone Architecture ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Impact Exercise ◽  
Prepubertal Rats

Physical activity has a vital role in regulating and improving bone strength. Responsiveness of bone mass to exercise is age dependent with the prepubertal period suggested to be the most effective stage for interventions. There is a paucity of data on the effects of exercise on bone architecture and body composition when studied within the prepubertal period. We examined the effect of two forms of low-impact exercise on prepubertal changes in body composition and bone architecture. Weanling male rats were assigned to control (CON), bipedal stance (BPS), or wheel exercise (WEX) groups for 15 days until the onset of puberty. Distance travelled via WEX was recorded, food intake measured, and body composition quantified. Trabecular and cortical microarchitecture of the femur were determined by microcomputed tomography. WEX led to a higher lean mass and reduced fat mass compared to CON. WEX animals had greater femoral cortical cross-sectional thickness and closed porosity compared to CON. The different exercise modalities had no effect on body weight or food intake, but WEX significantly altered body composition and femoral microarchitecture. These data suggest that short-term mild voluntary exercise in normal prepubertal rats can alter body composition dependent upon the exercise modality.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue activity is modulated in olanzapine-treated young rats by simvastatin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Liu ◽  
Xiyu Feng ◽  
Chao Deng ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Yanping Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Olanzapine Treatment ◽  
Brown Adipose

Abstract BackgroundPrescription of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) to childhood/adolescent has exponentially increased in recent years, which was associated with the greater risk of significant sedation, weight gain, and dyslipidemia. Statin is considered a potential preventive and treatment approach for reducing SGA-induced weight gain and dyslipidemia in schizophrenia patients. However, the effect of statin treatment in children and adolescents with SGA-induced dyslipidemia is not clearly demonstrated.MethodsTo investigate the efficacy of interventions of statin aimed at reversing SGA-induced dyslipidemia, young Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were treated orally with either olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), simvastatin (3.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), olanzapine plus simvastatin (O+S), or vehicle (control) for 5 weeks.ResultsOlanzapine treatment increased weight gain, food intake and feeding efficiency compared to the control, while O+S co-treatment significantly reversed body weight gain but had no significant effect on food intake. Moreover, olanzapine treatment induced a slight but significant reduction in body temperature, with a decrease in locomotor activity. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels were markedly elevated in the olanzapine-only group, whereas O+S co-treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. A down-regulating of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) expression was observed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the olanzapine-only group, following a significant decrease in the ratio of phosphorylated PKA (p-PKA)/PKA. Interestingly, these protein changes could be reversed by co-treatment with O+B. Our results demonstrated simvastatin to be effective in ameliorating TC and TG elevated by olanzapine.ConclusionsModulation of BAT activity could be a partial mechanism in reducing metabolic side effects caused by SGAs in child and adolescent patients.

scholarly journals Brown adipose tissue activity is modulated in olanzapine-treated young rats by simvastatin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Liu ◽  
Xiyu Feng ◽  
Chao Deng ◽  
Lu Liu ◽  
Yanping Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Olanzapine Treatment ◽  
Brown Adipose

Abstract Background Prescription of second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) to childhood/adolescent has exponentially increased in recent years, which was associated with the greater risk of significant weight gain and dyslipidemia. Statin is considered a potential preventive and treatment approach for reducing SGA-induced weight gain and dyslipidemia in schizophrenia patients. However, the effect of statin treatment in children and adolescents with SGA-induced dyslipidemia is not clearly demonstrated.Methods To investigate the efficacy of statin interventions for reversing SGA-induced dyslipidemia, young Sprague Dawley rats were treated orally with either olanzapine (1.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), simvastatin (3.0 mg/kg, t.i.d.), olanzapine plus simvastatin (O+S), or vehicle (control) for 5 weeks. Results Olanzapine treatment increased weight gain, food intake and feeding efficiency compared to the control, while O+S co-treatment significantly reversed body weight gain but without significant effects on food intake. Moreover, olanzapine treatment induced a slight but significant reduction in body temperature, with a decrease in locomotor activity. Fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) levels were markedly elevated in the olanzapine-only group, whereas O+S co-treatment significantly ameliorated these changes. Pronounced activation of lipogenic gene expression in the liver and down-regulated expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC-1α) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) was observed in the olanzapine-only group. Interestingly, these protein changes could be reversed by co-treatment with O+B. Conclusions Simvastatin is effective in ameliorating TC and TG elevated by olanzapine. Modulation of BAT activity by statins could be a partial mechanism in reducing metabolic side effects caused by SGAs in child and adolescent patients.

scholarly journals Steroidal Androgens and Nonsteroidal, Tissue-Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, S-22, Regulate Androgen Receptor Function through Distinct Genomic and Nongenomic Signaling Pathways

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2448-2465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Narayanan ◽  
Christopher C. Coss ◽  
Muralimohan Yepuru ◽  
Jeffrey D. Kearbey ◽  
Duane D. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Levator Ani ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Levator Ani Muscle ◽  
Xenopus Laevis Oocyte ◽  
Muscle Weight

Abstract Androgen receptor (AR) ligands are important for the development and function of several tissues and organs. However, the poor oral bioavailability, pharmacokinetic properties, and receptor cross-reactivity of testosterone, coupled with side effects, place limits on its clinical use. Selective AR modulators (SARMs) elicit anabolic effects in muscle and bone, sparing reproductive organs like the prostate. However, molecular mechanisms underlying the tissue selectivity remain ambiguous. We performed a variety of in vitro studies to compare and define the molecular mechanisms of an aryl propionamide SARM, S-22, as compared with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Studies indicated that S-22 increased levator ani muscle weight but decreased the size of prostate in rats. Analysis of the upstream intracellular signaling events indicated that S-22 and DHT mediated their actions through distinct pathways. Modulation of these pathways altered the recruitment of AR and its cofactors to the PSA enhancer in a ligand-dependent fashion. In addition, S-22 induced Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation and rapid phosphorylation of several kinases, through pathways distinct from steroids. These studies reveal novel differences in the molecular mechanisms by which S-22, a nonsteroidal SARM, and DHT mediate their pharmacological effects.

Bimatoprost promotes satiety and attenuates body weight in rats fed standard or obesity-promoting diets.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Spada ◽  
Chau Vu ◽  
Iona Raymond ◽  
Warren Tong ◽  
Chia-Lin Chuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Gut Hormone

Abstract Background Bimatoprost negatively regulates adipogenesis in vitro and likely participates in a negative feedback loop on anandamide-induced adipogenesis. Here, we investigate the broader metabolic effects of bimatoprost action in vivo in rats under both normal state and obesity-inducing conditions. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats were a fed standard chow (SC) diet in conjunction with dermally applied bimatoprost treatment for a period of 9–10 weeks. Body weight gain, energy expenditure, food intake, and hormones associated with satiety were measured. Gastric emptying was also separately evaluated. In obesity-promoting diet studies, rats were fed a cafeteria diet (CAF) and gross weight, fat accumulation in SQ, visceral fat and liver was evaluated together with standard serum chemistry. Results Chronic bimatoprost administration attenuated weight gain in rats fed either standard or obesity-promoting diets over a 9–10 weeks. Bimatoprost increased satiety as measured by decreased food intake, gastric emptying and circulating gut hormone levels. Additionally, SQ and visceral fat mass was distinctly affected by treatment. Bimatoprost increased satiety as measured by decreased food intake, gastric emptying and circulating gut hormone levels. Conclusions These findings suggest that bimatoprost (and possibly prostamide F2α) regulates energy homeostasis through actions on dietary intake. These actions likely counteract the metabolic actions of anandamide through the endocannabinoid system potentially revealing a new pathway that could be exploited for therapeutic development.

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