STUDIES WITH 4-14-C-MESTRANOL IN LACTATING WOMEN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 665-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Wijmenga ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Fourth Patient ◽  
Collection Period

ABSTRACT 14C-Mestranol (5 μc) was administered orally in a Lyndiol®**-tablet (= 5 mg lynestrenol*** + 150 μg mestranol) to four women using Lyndiol® during the lactation period shortly after delivery. The concentration of radioactivity in the plasma and the excretion of radioactivity in the urine and milk were studied. The clearance rate of radioactivity from the blood was very low. A halflife in the order of 40–60 h was found for labelled »mestranol and its metabolites«. In three cases 31–36% of the radioactivity was excreted into the urine within 5 days after oral administration of the labelled material; in the fourth patient this value was about 52 %. During a collection period of 4 days after the oral administration of the 14C-mestranol-containing tablet, 0.0002–0.013 per cent of the administered dose was excreted into the milk. These very low values were partly due to the low amounts of milk that could be collected. It was calculated that with the regular oral administration of one Lyndiol®-tablet daily, with 150 μg mestranol per tablet, about 0.03–0.06 μg (0.02–0.04 % of the administered dose) of mestranol or its metabolites might be excreted per 100 ml milk. The significance of these amounts, in view of the transfer to infants during breast-feeding, is discussed.

STUDIES WITH 4-14C-LYNESTRENOL IN NORMAL AND LACTATING WOMEN

1969 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. van der Molen ◽  
P. G. Hart ◽  
H. G. Wijmenga
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Gelatin Capsule ◽  
Pure Compound ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Pharmaceutical Form

ABSTRACT 4-14C-Lynestrenol** was administered either orally or by intravenous injection to women using Lyndiol®*** (5 mg lynestrenol + 150 μg mestranol). In order to study the effect of the pharmaceutical form in oral administration, the radioactive progestagen was given either as the pure compound in the form of a gelatin capsule or as a tablet containing all the ingredients usually present in Lyndiol®-tablets. The concentration of radioactivity in the blood and the excretion of radioactivity in the urine and milk of lactating women were then studied. The clearance rate of radioactivity from the blood was very low. A half-life in the order of 40 h was estimated for labelled »lynestrenol and metabolites«. Within 4–5 days after oral administration of a 14C-lynestrenol containing tablet, 54–65 % of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine, whereas much smaller amounts (in the order of 15 % of the administered dose) were excreted following oral administration of 14C-lynestrenol taken in a capsule. After intravenous administration 45–56 % of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine excreted within 4 days after injection. After oral administration of a 14C-lynestrenol containing tablet to 3 lactating women 0.022. 0.028 and 0.088 per cent of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the milk collected during the first 5 days after administration. The results indicate that resorption may be considerably influenced by the pharmaceutical form of the orally administered compound. For oral administration of 5 mg lynestrenol daily, as a Lyndiol®-tablet, it was calculated that in the order of 1 μg (0.02 % of the administered dose) of lynestrenol or its metabolites might be excreted per 100 ml of milk. These data are discussed with regard to the amount of steroids that might be transferred to infants during breast feeding when the mothers take oral contraceptives.

Harmful Chemicals and Drugs in Breast Milk

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 279-283
Author(s):  
David S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Anticancer Drugs ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Family Physicians ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Antiinfective Agents ◽  
Alternative Drugs

The pediatrician should be aware of the fact that nearly all drugs used in the therapy of lactating women may be found in varying amounts in breast milk. Mothers who must take antithyroid drugs, chloramphenicol, lithium, methadone, most anticancer drugs, radioactive pharmaceuticals and antiinfective agents such as the tetracyclines and metronidazole should not nurse their infants while receiving therapy. It has been our experience that in most instances safer alternative drugs may be selected after discussions with obstetricians, family physicians, and internists. The use of other drugs merits a certain degree of caution; nursing the infant before a dose is given may help to minimize exposure to the infant. Interruption of breast-feeding should be infrequent.

Transfer of Drugs and Other Chemicals Into Human Milk

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 924-936
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Chemical Agent ◽  
Blood Concentrations ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
New Information ◽  
Oral Analgesia

Since the first publication of this statement, much new information has been published concerning the transfer of drugs and chemicals into human milk. This information, in addition to other research published before 1983, makes a revision of the previous statement necessary. In this revision, lists of the pharmacologic or chemical agents transferred into human milk and their possible effects on the infant or on lactation, if known, are provided (Tables 1 to 7). The fact that a pharmacologic or chemical agent does not appear in the Tables is not meant to imply that it is not transferred into human milk or that it does not have an effect on the infant but indicates that there are no reports in the literature. These tables should assist the physician in counseling a nursing mother regarding breast-feeding when the mother has a condition for which a drug is medically indicated. The following questions should be considered when prescribing drug therapy to lactating women. (1) Is the drug therapy really necessary? Consultation between the pediatrician and the mother's physician can be most useful. (2) Use the safest drug; for example, acetaminophen rather than aspirin for oral analgesia. (3) If there is a possibility that a drug may present a risk to the infant (eg, phenytoin, phenobarbital), consideration should be given to measurement of blood concentrations in the nursing infant. (4) Drug exposure to the nursing infant may be minimized by having the mother take the medication just after completing a breast-feeding and/or just before the infant has his or her lengthy sleep periods.

Determinants of initiation of breast feeding among lactating women in Sub-Himalayan region

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
SunilKumar Raina ◽  
VishavChander Sharma ◽  
Ashok Bhardwaj ◽  
Ankush Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Himalayan Region ◽  
Lactating Women

scholarly journals Care of Breast in Pregnant and Lactating Females

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-shaimaa G Soliman ◽  
S A Abdelrahman ◽  
A A Darweesh ◽  
W B Gerges ◽  
H S Tantawy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Breast Abscess ◽  
Breast Clinic ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Breast Infection ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Obstetric Clinic

Abstract Background Brest feeding is an important process that’s not only important for baby nutrition but also it strengthens the relation between the mother and her baby. Female breast undergoes multiple physiological changes during pregnancy and lactation.if the female not well educated about them and how to deal with them it will be a source of great horror to the female and her family as they consider any pain or unknown change in the breast as cancer until proved otherwise. Objective To assess breast care during pregnancy and its preparation for lactation and the value of this care in preventing breast infection. Patients and Methods This is a prospective study included 85 female patients coming to breast clinic and obstetric clinic of El Demerdash Hospital from September 2017 to August 2018. 40 of them presented during the third trimester of their pregnancy and the remaining 45 presented during lactation period. Sixty –three of them were multipara, the others were primigravida. Thirty of them gave a history of problems with previous lactation. Results In our research, females who came and were followed during pregnancy were educated about the importance of breast feeding to the baby and to the mother during their visits to the obstetric clinic. They were taught how to take care of their breast preparing it for safe and comfortable nursing. 35% of them were previously suffered from breast engorgement in previous lactation but when they followed our instructions about 27% of them developed breast engorgement which relieved rapidly without progressing to further complications. Also 5% previously developed breast abscess which was avoided in current study. We had also two of our participants that had retracted nipple one of them had previous experience of lactation that stopped shortly after birth but when we reassure her and learn her how to prepare her nipples by gentle massage, lubricants and use of plastic shells after delivery she could overcome her problem and continue breast feeding. Females who came during lactation were not prepared properly during pregnancy and 44% of them suffered from breast engorgement which was relieved with proper management but one of them developed breast abscess. Conclusion Every female have to learn about the right position of nursing and how to make proper care of her breasts and when she has to seek medical advice. This will help her to adapt the act of nursing and overcome any annoying problem that she may face during this period.

Postpartum Lactational Amenorrhoea as a Means of Family Planning in the Sudan: A Study of 500 Cases

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amal M. Adnan ◽  
Salah Abu Bakr
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Fertility Control ◽  
Supplementary Feeding ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Primiparous Women

SummaryThe lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhoea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhoea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhoea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months.Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhoea up to the 9th month of breast-feeding. Beyond the 12th month of breast-feeding, lactational amenorrhoea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later.Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhoea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhoea soon after delivery (3–9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhoea as a contraceptive was 8·4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhoea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrhoeic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%), compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started it much earlier. Forty-nine percent of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhoea. Fifty-seven percent of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. There are several policy implications of this study.

scholarly journals Mastitis and/or plugged ducts? How to differentiate, help and treat?

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
A. E. Kuchina ◽  
I. V. Berezhnaya ◽  
T. N. Sannikova
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Antibacterial Treatment ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Breast Milk Expression ◽  
Good Technique ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
Personalized Approach ◽  
Feeding Techniques

Mastitis is one of the most common pyoinflammatory processes that occur in the postpartum. The mastitis incidence varies from 0.5% to 33%. Due to lack of standard algorithms, approaches to diagnosis and treatment of lactational mastitis vary between pediatricians and obstetrician-gynecologists. Plugged ducts is the basic factor that predisposes a woman to plugged milk ducts, which can lead to mastitis. Unfortunately, frequently prescribed antibacterial treatment has an adverse effect on human milk microbiota and creates subtherapeutic drug concentration in milk, which leads to antibiotic resistance in infants. Effective expression of breast milk is a key method to prevent and fight mastitis and plugged ducts. Recommendations for preferred method of breast milk expression require a personalized approach, the first of which depends on the assessment of breast nipples condition. According to some reports, 80–90% of breast-feeding women develop soreness and cracked nipples, which cause delayed or missed breastfeeding. Teaching correct breast-feeding techniques can prevent the chain of these adverse events: cracked nipples – plugged duct – lactation mastitis. Ideally, a healthy mature infant with active sucking reflex, who is breastfed effectively with a good technique, may perfectly ensure a problem-free lactation period.

scholarly journals Maternal dietary diversity during lactation and associated factors in Palghar district, Maharashtra, India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261700
Author(s):  
Sunil Rajpal ◽  
Abhishek Kumar ◽  
Ruby Alambusha ◽  
Smriti Sharma ◽  
William Joe
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Daily Diet

Dietary adequacy and diversity during the lactation period are necessary to ensure good health and nutrition among women and children. Behavioral interventions pertaining to health and nutrition counselling during pregnancy and lactation are critical for awareness about dietary diversity. The issue assumes salience for marginalized communities because of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated economic and societal disruptions. This paper assesses the dietary patterns among 400 lactating mothers in the tribal-dominated district of Palghar in Maharashtra, India in 2020. The study is based on primary data regarding consumption of 10 food groups among women across 10 food groups based on 24-hour recall period. The primary outcome variable was binary information regarding Minimum Dietary Diversity defined as consumption from at least 5 food groups. Econometric analysis based on multilevel models and item-response theory is applied to identify food groups that were most difficult to be received by mothers during the early and late lactation period. We find that the daily diet of lactating mothers in Palghar primarily consists of grains, white roots, tubers, and pulses. In contrast, the intake of dairy, eggs, and non-vegetarian food items is much lower. Only Half of the lactating women (56.5 percent; 95% CI: 37.4; 73.8) have a minimum diversified diet (MDD). The prevalence of lactating women with MDD was higher among households with higher income (73.1 percent; 95% CI: 45.2; 89.9) than those in lower income group (50.7 percent; 95% CI: 42.3; 58.9). Lactating Women (in early phase) who received health and nutrition counseling services are more likely (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 0.90; 6.26) to consume a diversified diet. Food groups such as fruits, meat, poultry, fish, nuts, and seeds were among the rare food items in daily diet. The dietary pattern lacking in fruits, nuts, and heme (iron) sources indicates more significant risks of micronutrient deficiencies. The findings call for improving dietary diversity among lactating mothers, particularly from the marginalized communities, and are driven by low consumption of dairy products or various fruits and vegetables. Among the different food items, the consumption of micronutrient-rich seeds and nuts is most difficult to be accessed by lactating mothers. Also, diet-centric counseling and informing lactating mothers of its benefits are necessary to increase dietary diversity for improving maternal and child nutrition.

scholarly journals Breast-milk production in Australian women

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rattigan ◽  
Ann V. Ghisalberti ◽  
P. E. Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Breast Milk Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dietary Records ◽  
The Mean

1. Milk productions and 7d dietary records were determined on twenty-seven mothers who had been breast-feeding for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months.2. The mean milk productions for each group of mothers was 1.187, 1.238, 1.128, 0.884, 0.880 and 0.951 kg/24 h at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 months of lactation respectively. There was no significant difference between two milk determinations 3–7 d apart on each mother or between the mean milk production of each group of mothers.3. Energy intakes of the infants was found to be higher than the usually-accepted values at 1 and 3 months of age but by 6 months were similar to the accepted normal values.4. Energy intakes of the mothers although greater than those recommended for similar non-lactating women were not sufficient to take into account the energy content of the milk.

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