Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART III: Follicular Atresia

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (2_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S53-S63 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Lobel ◽  
E. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Follicular Atresia ◽  
Steroidal Hormones ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bovine Ovary

ABSTRACT Cytochemical changes in activities of hydrolytic enzymes and of dehydrogenases were studied during follicular atresia. Different patterns of enzymic activities were encountered in the different types of atretic follicles. When large vesicular follicles became atretic at the end of the cycle, they underwent a transient luteinization. On the basis of their cytochemical properties, it is suggested that such follicles may be one source of steroidal hormones in the bovine ovary, especially towards the end of the cycle. The bovine ovary apparently does not contain "interstitial tissue" capable of steroidogenesis.

Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART I: Growth and Maturation of Follicles

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (2_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S7-S33 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Lobel ◽  
E. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Secretory Function ◽  
Follicular Growth ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatases ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases ◽  
Bovine Ovary ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

ABSTRACT Activities of several hydrolytic enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATP-ase and β-glucuronidase) as well as several dehydrogenases (succinic dehydrogenase, NADP and NADPH2 diaphorases, Δ5-3β-, 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) were studied during the growth and maturation of follicles from primordial to pre-ovulatory in the bovine ovary. Follicular growth apparently commenced with enlargement of the oocyte, and enzymic activities (alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase, β-glucuronidase and the diaphorases) of this stage were strong in the granulosa; vesicular follicles exhibited strong enzymic activities mainly in the theca. Steroid dehydrogenases were demonstrable in both theca and granulosa of vesicular follicles only. Luteinization of pre-ovulatory follicles, as judged by cytochemical and morphological characteristics, began prior to rupture. A correlation was observed between cytochemically demonstrable enzymic activities and secretory function.

scholarly journals Evidence that Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript Is a Novel Intraovarian Regulator of Follicular Atresia

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 5373-5383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kobayashi ◽  
Fermin Jimenez-Krassel ◽  
Qinglei Li ◽  
Jianbo Yao ◽  
Ruiping Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Development ◽  
Cumulus Cells ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Follicular Atresia ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Cart Peptide ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bovine Ovary ◽  
Granulosal Cells ◽  
Ovulatory Follicles

Abstract We recently obtained evidence that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), a potent anorectic neuropeptide, is expressed in the bovine ovary. The objectives of this study were to characterize bovine ovarian CART and determine its localization, regulation, and regulatory role during follicular development. CART mRNA was detected in stroma of adult ovaries and in large follicles, but was undetectable in several peripheral tissues, fetal ovaries, and corpora lutea. Within the ovary, CART mRNA and peptide were localized to the granulosal layer of some, but not all, antral follicles, with low, but detectable, expression in oocytes and cumulus cells. CART mRNA was undetectable in granulosal cells of dominant ovulatory follicles collected before and after the preovulatory gonadotropin surge, but was detected in the granulosal layer of adjacent subordinate follicles. In addition, amounts of CART mRNA and follicular fluid concentrations of CART peptide were greater in subordinate follicles vs. dominant follicles of the first follicular wave. Furthermore, CART treatment inhibited basal estradiol production, but not progesterone production, by granulosal cells in a dose-dependent fashion, and the effect was dependent on stage of cell differentiation. We conclude that granulosal cell CART expression is temporally regulated and potentially associated with follicle health status, and CART can inhibit granulosal cell estradiol production. Thus, CART may be a novel local regulator of follicular atresia in the bovine ovary.

Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART II: Formation, Development and Involution of Corpora Lutea

1968 ◽  
Vol 59 (2_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S35-S51 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Lobel ◽  
E. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Steroid Synthesis ◽  
Luteal Cells ◽  
Vascular Walls

ABSTRACT Activities of various hydrolases and dehydrogenases were studied during the formation, development and involution of cyclic corpora lutea and in the corpora lutea of early pregnancy. At 24 hours postovulation the luteal cells, whether of granulosal or thecal origin, contained demonstrable levels of Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the NADP and NADPH2 diaphorases. During the period of proliferation and cellular growth, enzymic activities in the luteal cells were moderate at first, and then increased. In the mature corpus luteum, activities of the dehydrogenases occurred in all luteal cells but were most intense in the large polymorphic luteal cells. Activities of hydrolytic enzymes, low in the immediate postovulatory period, increased with the development of the vascular system. Enzymic characteristics of corpora lutea of gestation were similar to those of cyclic corpora, except for phosphorylase activity which was observed in luteal cells in gestational corpora, but confined to the vascular walls in cyclic corpora. No increase in activities of 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (above those seen in pre-ovulatory follicles) were observed after incubation of sections of either mature cyclic or gestational corpora. Involution of cyclic corpora lutea began with degenerative changes in the blood vessels: pyknosis of the endothelial cell nuclei and a sudden decline in activities of hydrolytic enzymes in the vascular walls. Subsequently, the luteal cells showed a sharp decrease in activities of the dehydrogenases as well as other signs of regressive change. The cytochemical findings are discussed in relation to biochemical observations on steroid synthesis by the bovine corpus luteum.

scholarly journals Involvement of hyaluronan synthesis in ovarian follicle growth in rats

Reproduction ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Takahashi ◽  
Wataru Tarumi ◽  
Bunpei Ishizuka
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Follicle ◽  
Primary Site ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Follicular Atresia ◽  
Follicle Growth ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Antral Follicles ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Ha Synthase

Most of the previous studies on ovarian hyaluronan (HA) have focused on mature antral follicles or corpora lutea, but scarcely on small preantral follicles. Moreover, the origin of follicular HA is unknown. To clarify the localization of HA and its synthases in small growing follicles, involvement of HA in follicle growth, and gonadotropin regulation of HA synthase (Has) gene expression, in this study, perinatal, immature, and adult ovaries of Wistar-Imamichi rats were examined histologically and biochemically and byin vitrofollicle culture. HA was detected in the extracellular matrix of granulosa and theca cell layers of primary follicles and more advanced follicles. Ovarian HA accumulation ontogenetically started in the sex cords of perinatal rats, and its primary site shifted to the intrafollicular region of primary follicles within 5 days of birth. TheHas1–3mRNAs were expressed in the ovaries of perinatal, prepubertal, and adult rats, and the expression levels ofHas1andHas2genes were modulated during the estrous cycle in adult rats and following administration of exogenous gonadotropins in immature acyclic rats. TheHas1andHas2mRNAs were predominantly localized in the theca and granulosa cell layers of growing follicles respectively. Treatments with chemicals known to reduce ovarian HA synthesis induced follicular atresia. More directly, the addition ofStreptomyceshyaluronidase, which specifically degrades HA, induced the arrest of follicle growth in anin vitroculture system. These results indicate that gonadotropin-regulated HA synthesis is involved in normal follicle growth.

The ecology of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. II. Reproduction

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. F. S. Sadleir
Keyword(s):  
Deer Mouse ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Deer Mice ◽  
Reproductive Phenology ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Breeding Condition ◽  
Breeding Seasons

The duration and intensity of reproduction in deer mice was followed for four seasons by live and dead trapping. Three populations living in different types of forest habitat had synchronous breeding seasons, although there were major differences between years in the time of onset and cessation of breeding and in the proportion of females in breeding condition. No consistent relationships were found between either density changes or the incidence of parasitism and reproductive phenology. In the absence of overt food fluctuations there was a relationship between unseasonable temperature changes and breeding. Sudden increases in temperature may have stimulated the onset of breeding but its cessation before the autumn equinox was always associated with a considerable decrease in temperature if this occurred after April. In 57 pregnancies the corpora lutea count was 4.75 ± 1.12 and embryo count was 4.52 ± 1.16. [Formula: see text].

scholarly journals Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Vermicompost Prepared from Different Types of Organic Wastes using Eisenia fetida

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachna Kapila ◽  
Geeta Verma ◽  
Aparajita Sen ◽  
Arti Nigam
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Background: Vermicomposting is the agricultural technique of conversion of organic wastes to a fertile product, which can result in better crop growth and production. However, even though earthworms are the main organisms participating in the process, the microbes associated with it also have an important role to play. These microbes degrade the waste products biochemically and are responsible of the conversion processes. Few studies are carried out on microbial diversity and related enzymes activities in the vermicompost prepared from different organic waste materials. Methods: In this paper, we isolated both bacteria and fungi from seven different types of vermicompost, using different selective media. We also studied the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with the isolated microbes.Result: It was observed that bacteria like Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Actinomycetes, Pigment producing Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Azotobactor and fungi like Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus sp., Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus sp., Mucor hiemalis, Myrothecium verrucaria etc. were present in our vermicompost preparations. The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and PGPR indicated the good fertilizer value of the vermicompost samples. It was also observed that the diversity of microbes present supported significant levels of CMCase Exoglucanase, Xylanase, β-Glucosidase, Phosphatase and Urease activities.

scholarly journals The response of the bovine ovary to pregnant mares’ serum and horse pituitary extract

1944 ◽  
Vol 132 (867) ◽  
pp. 164-188 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Time Response ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Bovine Ovary ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Treatment Shock

The response of the bovine ovary to single subcutaneous injections of pregnant mares’ serum (P. M. S.) and horse pituitary extract has been studied both quantitatively and qualitatively. For the former both time-response and dose-response data were obtained, for the latter time-response data only. Quantitative changes were measured by the following ovarian indices: mean follicular diameter (M. D.); percentage of follicles M. D. ≥ 10 mm.; number of follicles M. D. ≥ 4 mm.; number of follicles M. D. ≥ 10 mm.; total follicular volume, and weight. Only the first two criteria were found to have more than a rough relationship with the duration and magnitude of the treatment given. The threshold dose of P. M. S. for quantitative effects was between 1000 and 2000 i. u. For higher doses the ovarian response was most pronounced, but there was evidence that the maximal rate of stimulation had been reached with doses of 3000-4000 i. u. For both gonadotrophins the stage of the oestrous cycle at which injections were given had no differentiating effect upon the quantitative response obtained. In particular, the total number of follicles stimulated to growth, an index that ranged widely, showed no correla­tion with this variable. Qualitative changes observed included multiple ovulation, anovulatory luteinization, the formation of abnormally small corpora lutea (P. M. S. only), and the occurrence of haemorrhagic follicles. An effect caused by horse pituitary injections only was the rupture of a single follicle within 1-2 days of treatment (‘shock’ effect). Ovulation following treatment with P. M. S. only occurred when the injection was given in the last, or follicular, phase of the oestrous cycle. With horse pituitary injections ovulation followed treatment given at all stages of the cycle. The differences in the biological properties of these two gonadotrophic preparations have been discussed in the light of the new evidence arising from this study.

STEROID METABOLIC PATHWAYS IN THE OVARY OF THE CHINCHILLA (CHINCHILLA LANIGER)

1972 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. TAM
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Controlling Factor ◽  
Steroid Metabolism ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Kinetic Investigations ◽  
High Yields

SUMMARY The ovarian tissue components of the pregnant chinchilla were incubated with equimolar amounts of [7α-3H]pregnenolone and [4-14C]progesterone. The greater contribution by [7α-3H]pregnenolone than by [4-14C]progesterone towards the formation of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione, and the relatively high yields of 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone showed that both the 4-ene and 5-ene pathways of steroid metabolism were used in the interstitial tissue. No significant amount of 17α-hydroxylation was observed in the primary and accessory corpora lutea. The results of kinetic investigations using [7α-3H]pregnenolone as substrate also demonstrated a precursor—product relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione in the interstitial tissue, but this was not apparent in the luteal tissue. The results indicated that the interstitial tissue was capable of synthesizing progesterone and oestrogens as major products, and that the lack of 17α-hydroxylation in the luteal tissue was a controlling factor ensuring the synthesis of progesterone as its principal hormonal product. A small amount of [4-14C]dehydroepiandrosterone was always isolated with a much larger amount of the tritiated compound. This implied the conversion of 14C-labelled 4-en-3-oxosteroids into 5-ene-3β-hydroxysteroids which has generally been regarded as impossible. The isolation of this product, which may be an artifact, and the possibility that progesterone and oestrogens may be synthesized by different cells (granulosa and theca lutein cells) in the corpus luteum, or that there may be a third pathway for oestrogen synthesis, as suggested by the results of the kinetic experiments, are discussed.

EFFECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α ON OVARIAN BLOOD FLOW AND VASCULAR RESISTANCE IN THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RABBIT

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Olof Janson ◽  
Ivan Albrecht ◽  
Kurt Ahrén
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Prostaglandin F2α ◽  
Interstitial Tissue ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Luteal Function ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT In the search for data supporting the hypothesis that the luteolytic effect of prostaglandins (PG) is initiated by a vascular mechanism, some haemodynamic parameters including ovarian blood flow and vascular resistance were measured in pseudopregnant anaesthetized rabbits before and after exogenous administration of PGF2α. The measurements were performed on days 5–10 of pseudopregnancy induced by 500 IU HCG iv. Infusion of 50 μg/kg PGF2α iv over a one-minute period caused significant falls in cardiac output, heart rate and blood pressure after 1–3 min. Blood pressure and cardiac output were normalized after 16–49 min. Blood flow in the ovarian vein (direct measurements) decreased and returned to initial values parallel to the blood pressure and no change in resistance in the vascular bed drained by the vein was noted. Total ovarian blood flow and resistance, as measured in surgically intact ovaries before and after PG infusion, using 35 or 15 μm 169Yb and 46Sc-labelled microspheres, changed and remained constant respectively, according to the same pattern as in the direct measurements. The distribution of blood flow between the corpora lutea and the interstitial tissue of the ovary measured by 15 μm radioactive microspheres. PGF2α caused an interstitial vasodilation whereas no significant change in luteal vascular resistance was noted. Since luteal blood flow represented a predominant part of total ovarian flow in the type of ovary studied, the interstitial vasodilatation caused only negligible changes in blood flow to the whole ovary. The present study does not support the hypothesis of a PG-induced luteal blood flow reduction preceding luteolysis. The possible significance of the interstitial vasodilatation for luteal function remains to be elucidated.

STEROID-INDUCED BLOCK OF OVARIAN COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY IN HEMICASTRATED FEMALE RATS

1964 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. PETERSON ◽  
R. A. EDGREN ◽  
R. C. JONES
Keyword(s):  
Follicular Development ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Steroidal Hormones ◽  
Ovarian Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Ovarian Size ◽  
The Right ◽  
Higher Doses

SUMMARY Removal of the right ovaries of 160–180 g. rats was followed in 2 weeks by a hypertrophy of 55 % of the left ovary. This postoperative growth was prevented by the administration of various natural and synthetic steroidal hormones, which were compared at daily doses estimated to produce a 100 % block of the hypertrophy. The following steroids, together with approximate ED 100, were studied: oestrone, 17·8 μg.; oestradiol-17β, 20·4 μg.; oestriol, 95·5μg.; norethynodrel, 72·5μg.; progesterone, 3630μg.;testosterone, 436 μg.; norethisterone, 479 μg.; norbolethone, 155 μg. At doses above ED 100 the natural oestrogens and norethynodrel produced a secondary cycle of ovarian growth, whereas the Δ4-3-oxosteroids depressed ovarian size further. Hemicastrated rats had histologically normal ovaries which contained larger numbers of corpora lutea than those of the intact controls. All compounds appeared to increase follicular development at the ED 100 level; the higher doses of the oestrogens and norethynodrel stimulated excessive luteinization, whereas the Δ4-3-oxosteroids inhibited luteal development and produced large vesicular and cystic follicles.

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