EARLY EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE INJECTED INTO 5 DAY OLD RATS

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Jacobsohn ◽  
A. Norgren
Keyword(s):  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT The present work deals with problems concerning a) factors influencing gonadal growth in rats during the first two weeks of life and b) the duration of action of 1.5 mg testosterone propionate (testosterone) injected subcutaneously into 5 day old rats (androgenized rats). Five groups of experiments were performed. The results were as follows: Injection of testosterone to 5 day old males reduced the growth of testes from 5 days after injection onwards. Semicastration at 1 day after birth was followed within 14 days by a compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining testis. Androgenization did not prevent a compensatory hypertrophy, but the weight of the remaining testis was reduced as compared with uninjected males. Unilateral ovariectomy at 1 day after birth failed to influence the weight of the remaining ovary recorded after 14 days. Observations on the occurrence of first oestrus and the type of vaginal smears were made in spayed rats receiving ovarian transplants in the anterior eye chamber when 15 days old. Either donors or recipients were androgenized. Testosterone had no effect on the ovaries. Intervals between injection of testosterone and vaginal opening decreased with advancing age both in intact and spayed rats. When testosterone was given to 5 or 18 day old rats, vaginal opening occurred after about 19 and 4 days, respectively. The response of mammary glands of spayed rats with or without androgenization indicated that a) testosterone produced an effect when the rats were about 10 days old and b) testosterone was effective for approximately 15 days.

EFFECTS OF NEONATALLY INJECTED NON-ESTERIFIED TESTOSTERONE ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS IN FEMALE RATS

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Alklint ◽  
A. Norgren
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
List Type ◽  
Double Dose ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Old Rats

ABSTRACT The effect of 1.5 mg testosterone (T) given to neonatal rats of various ages was compared with that of 1.5 mg testosterone propionate (Tp) injected into 5 day old rats. Androgenization of the rats was obtained: with Tp in 100 per cent, with T on day 2 in 79 per cent, with T on day 5 in 50 per cent, with T on day 10 in 18 per cent, with a double dose of T on day 5 in 61 per cent, with T on day 5 and 10 in 100 per cent. The results emphasize the importance of the duration of action of the preparation given. The possibility is considered that a minimal exposure time of more than a few hours is required to produce androgenization of 5 day old female rats.

DEVELOPMENT OF FEMALE RATS INJECTED SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH WITH TESTOSTERONE OR »ANABOLIC STEROIDS«

1964 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dora Jacobsohn
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Early Effects

ABSTRACT The present work is concerned with early effects of a single injection of 1.5 mg testosterone propionate into 5 day old female rats (injected rats). Effects of »anabolic steroids« given to rats shortly after birth, generally on the 5th day, were also studied. Untreated littermates served as controls. As early as 5 days after injection (rat's age 10 days) a reduction in ovarian weight was noticeable. At 10 days after injection the ovaries weighed less than those of controls. Vaginal smears showing cornified cells were obtained from injected rats about 5 days prior to controls. At the controls' first oestrous the ovaries of the injected rats weighed approximately 60 per cent of those of the controls. At this time the ovaries of the controls contained large follicles but no corpora lutea. Confirming previous results of other workers, injected rats observed for about 2 months presented constant vaginal oestrous and ovaries without corpora lutea. The ovaries weighed less than half those of the controls. This result was obtained irrespective of whether one ovary had been removed a fortnight previously, or not. Rats given 1.5 mg testosterone propionate at 20 days of age did not show any persistent effects. Records of weight of body, pituitary gland and adrenals were also in agreement with results of other investigators. Results obtained from similar experiments with »anabolic steroids« (19-nor-testosterone, 1-methyl-androst-1-enolone-oenanthate and methan-drostenolone = Durabol, Primobolan and Dianabol, respectively) indicated that, in the doses studied so far, a depression of endocrine activities and/or persistent defects in the development of female accessory reproductive organs and ovarian function may occur in rats after an injection given within 24 hours after birth or at 5 days of age. The importance of further investigations with regard to the clinical use of »anabolic steroids«, particularly in newborn infants, is discussed.

INTERACTIONS OF OESTRONE AND TESTOSTERONE ON MAMMARY GLANDS OF MALE RABBITS

1961 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bengtsson ◽  
A. Norgren
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
List Type ◽  
Stunted Growth ◽  
Abnormal Growth ◽  
Growth Reaction ◽  
Extensive Growth ◽  
Higher Doses

ABSTRACT The effect of testosterone and oestrone on the mammary glands of castrated male rabbits was studied. Testosterone propionate was used in daily doses from 0.5 to 80 mg. The doses of oestrone ranged from 0.05 to 25 μg per day. Mammary glands were examined after 14, 28 or 56 days of injections. 1) Testosterone in doses below 20 mg failed to affect the mammary glands. With 40 or 80 mg a distinct, though abnormal growth reaction was consistently obtained. 2) Oestrone in doses lower than 0.5 μg did not stimulate mammary growth. With 0.5 μg and higher doses extensive growth of the mammary glands occurred. Stunted growth and secretion were found in the mammary glands of rabbits injected with 12.5 or 25 μg oestrone. 3) Testosterone in doses of 1 or 5 to 10 mg depressed or abolished the response of the mammary glands to 0.5 μg oestrone. When testosterone, in doses ineffective when given alone, was added to at least 3.125 μg oestrone, the mammary glands developed alveoli. The abnormalities produced by the highest doses of oestrone studied were exaggerated by the addition of testosterone. 4) The observations indicate a complicated interplay between the actions of testosterone and oestrone on the mammary gland of the rabbit. The interactions between testosterone and oestrone are presumably different from those observed between progesterone and oestrone.

FACTORS DETERMINING CESSATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION; THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE

1964 ◽  
Vol 45 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S125-S132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. de Jongh ◽  
O. L. Wolthuis
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
List Type ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Uterine Endometrium ◽  
Marked Inhibition ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Sparing Effect

ABSTRACT The role of oestrogen and progesterone utilization by the uterus was investigated with regard to the mechanism of cessation of corpus luteum function. After the administration of oestradiol benzoate with or without progesterone in various combinations to spayed, spayed-hysterectomized, or spayed traumatized rats it was found that: there were no percentage differences in the oestrogenic effects in the vaginal smears of spayed or spayed-hysterectomized rats after the administration of oestradiol benzoate alone. After treatment with combinations of oestradiol and progesterone, the oestrogenic effects were inhibited in spayed-hysterectomized animals as compared with similarly treated spayed controls. A still more marked inhibition was obtained after traumatizing the uterine endometrium. Increasing doses of progesterone in combination with a fixed dose of oestradiol benzoate progressively delayed vaginal opening. It is concluded that the uterus does not utilize any measurable amounts of oestrogen, but that, on the other hand, it does utilize considerable quantities of progesterone. Traumatization of the uterus may have a similar progesterone-sparing effect. The findings are discussed against the background of factors which determine cessation of corpus luteum function, while it is suggested that progesterone may be an important factor accounting for the effects of hysterectomy.

The Man in the Background: The Search for Maecenas

Antichthon ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 54-79
Author(s):  
Ronald T. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Mistaken Identity ◽  
Augustan Era ◽  
Ara Pacis ◽  
Made In

AbstractSince the late sixteenth century parts of the ‘imperial frieze’ of the Ara Pacis have been known. The most striking figure in the background of the southern frieze is that long thought to be a portrait of Maecenas, the Etruscan prince and literary patron of the Augustan era. This article attempts three things: to discover 1.Where and how this identification originated,2.What evidence there now is for that identification, and3.What alternative identifications can be offered.The bibliography is substantial, the trail is complicated and highly paradoxical, and fantasy has often played a large role. The ‘evidence’ in play for centuries has sometimes evaporated into thin air. The identities proposed are, in fact, numerous. Not of least interest is the hidden or mistaken identity, in turn, of crucial modern scholars. A method is proposed at last for evaluating the identifications of this background portrait, including obvious comparison with other background figures. This analysis emphasizes how much is still not known about the most famous piece of Augustan art. An attempt is nevertheless made in the last analysis, to support what can be offered, in the light of current understanding, as the most plausible identification.

THE 'EARLY ANDROGEN SYNDROME' IN THE GUINEA-PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. BROWN-GRANT ◽  
M. R. SHERWOOD
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Female Offspring ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Luteal Tissue ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Androgenic Steroids

SUMMARY When testosterone propionate was administered to pregnant guinea-pigs over a short period (days 33–37) of gestation a high proportion of the female offspring exhibited a characteristic syndrome. The time of the first vaginal opening was delayed and its duration reduced. Subsequent periods of opening were fairly regular in occurrence but were shorter in duration than in normal animals; the 'cycle' length was usually slightly longer. Continuous vaginal opening was not observed but during the periods of opening, vaginal smears containing many cornified cells and no leucocytes were obtained. During the periods of vaginal opening no lordosis response to manual stimulation could be elicited nor did the animals mate when run with males. The increase in body weight was normal up to about 150 days of age and slightly, but not significantly, less than that of controls between 150 and 200 days of postnatal life. As adults some masculinization of the external genitalia was observed. At autopsy the weights of the uteri, ovaries, adrenal and anterior pituitary glands were much greater than those of control animals at any stage of the cycle. Histological examination showed that the ovaries contained many antral follicles but no luteal tissue. Enlargement of the glands and metaplastic changes in the epithelium were observed in the uteri. The pituitaries showed an excess of cells containing large, densely packed eosinophilic granules. This early androgen syndrome is compared with that produced by hypothalamic lesions in the guinea-pig and with the changes produced in other species by the administration of androgenic steroids during prenatal or early postnatal life.

My Experience in the First Female Psychiatric Intensive care unit in NHS in UK

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
K. Gintalaite
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
First Year ◽  
List Type ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Model Of Care ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Client Group ◽  
Rapid Tranquilisation ◽  
Therapeutic Model ◽  
Made In

Introduction:A new PICU for women was opened in January 2007, and was the first Unit of its kind in the NHS. It provides an inpatient care for women detained under Mental Health Act 1983 with serious mental illness. The main group of service users comprises women with borderline personality disorder. Median length of stay is 6-12 weeks.The team is multidisciplinary and works closely to ensure that effective gender sensitive care is delivered. As a very new team we experienced powerful internal dynamics for the first year. Lots of support groups, supervisions and psycho educational activities are provided for our staff members by different experts.The therapeutic model is in the process of development and is based on mentalisation theory. An audit on “Care after Intramuscular Rapid Tranquilization” was undertaken on the ward.Objective:To present a very new service for women including powerful dynamics within the team, a model of care provided for our client group and audit results.Method:Descriptive.Conclusions:1.It illustrates the powerful feelings of the staff during treatment of female service users (the results of analysis of the questionnaire will be provided) within PICU and the way we managed to deal effectively with it.2.It clarifies the amount of resources demanded for treatment of this client group.3.Audit results reveal the progress made in care after service users are given rapid tranquilisation in 06-08/2007-2008.4.It illustrates that the process of agreeing a model of care, as well as the model itself, in a PICU setting is very useful activity.

scholarly journals Comparative effects of testosterone propionate, oestradiol benzoate, ICI 182,780, tamoxifen and raloxifene on hypothalamic differentiation in the female rat

2002 ◽  
Vol 172 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Pinilla ◽  
ML Barreiro ◽  
LC Gonzalez ◽  
M Tena-Sempere ◽  
E Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Positive Feedback ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Vaginal Opening ◽  
Ici 182,780 ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Normal Differentiation

Hypothalamic differentiation in the female rat during the neonatal period is critically dependent on the steroid milieu, as permanent changes in reproductive function are observed after administration of oestradiol and testosterone during such a critical stage. Selective oestrogen modulators (SERMs) constitute a family of drugs that, depending on the tissue, are able to exert oestrogenic or antioestrogenic actions. The present experiments were conducted to analyse whether the SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, can cause oestrogenic actions during the hypothalamic differentiation period. Postnatal female rats were injected between days 1 and 5 with 100 microg/day tamoxifen, raloxifene or ICI 182,780 (a pure antioestrogen). Other groups of animals were injected on day 1 of age with 100 microg oestradiol benzoate (OeB) or 1.25 mg testosterone propionate (TP) alone or in combination with raloxifene (500 microg/day between days 1 and 5). In all experimental groups, the age, body weight and concentrations of serum gonadotrophins at vaginal opening were recorded, whereas vaginal cyclicity and the negative and positive feedback between oestradiol and LH were monitored in adulthood. The results obtained confirmed the ability of high doses of OeB or TP to alter the normal differentiation of the brain permanently. They also reinforced the hypothesis that oestrogens are also necessary for normal brain differentiation in female rats because administration of a pure antioestrogen, such as ICI 182,780 permanently altered the function of the reproductive axis. In addition, our data provided evidence for different actions of the two SERMs under analysis (raloxifene and tamoxifen) upon peripheral targets, as raloxifene advanced vaginal opening whereas tamoxifen did not. In contrast, their actions on brain differentiation appeared similar and analogous to those obtained after neonatal administration of oestradiol, as evidenced by vaginal acyclicity, ovarian atrophy, sterility and abolition of negative and positive feedback between oestradiol and LH, thus suggesting an oestrogenic action of these SERMs on hypothalamic differentiation. Moreover, the oestrogenic activity of raloxifene was supported by its inability to block the effects of OeB and TP administered neonatally. In conclusion, the present results indicated that the SERMs, tamoxifen and raloxifene, exert an oestrogen-like effect upon hypothalamic differentiation of the neonatal female rat.

scholarly journals Comparative therapeutic use of Risedronate and Calcarea phosphorica - allopathy versus homeopathy - in bone repair in castrated rats

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Werkman ◽  
Giselle Segnini Senra ◽  
Rosilene Fernandes da Rocha ◽  
Adriana Aigotti Haberbeck Brandão
Keyword(s):  
Bone Repair ◽  
Bone Lesion ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Digital Radiographs ◽  
Defect Area ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Made In

Osteoporosis, a disease characterized by progressive bone loss, has been the target of several studies in the past few years. It results in a much higher risk for fractures and might cause slower bone lesion healing. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Risedronate (allopathic medicine) and Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (homeopathic medicine) on the repair of bone lesions in male rats with osteoporosis induced by castration. Eighty-four three-month-old rats were used divided into four groups of twenty-one animals each. Three groups where castrated and one group was submitted to Sham surgery. One month later, cortical lesions were made in all animals' tibiae and, after one day, the different experimental treatments began according to the following groups: CR - castrated/Risedronate (1 mg/kg/day); CCp - castrated/Calcarea phosphorica 6CH (3 drops/day); CP - castrated/placebo and SP - Sham/placebo. The animals were sacrificed at seven, fourteen and twenty-eight days after the beginning of the treatments and had their tibiae removed. Digital radiographs of the tibiae were taken and analyzed in order to evaluate the optical density of the defect area. Then, they were decalcified and processed for histological and histomorphometrical analysis. The data were submitted to ANOVA, and to the Tukey and Dunnett tests (5%). The allopathic and homeopathic treatments led to different bone formation as regards remodeling and maturation aspects. Further research is necessary to access the resistance and quality of the newly formed bone.

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