VARIANTS OF EMBRYONIC TESTICULAR DYSGENESIS: BILATERAL ANORCHIA AND THE SYNDROME OF RUDIMENTARY TESTES

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Bergada ◽  
William W. Cleveland ◽  
Howard W. Jones ◽  
Lawson Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Surgical Exploration ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Group A

ABSTRACT Three groups of patients, all of whom had chromatin-negative buccal smears are reported. The chromosomes were XY in the 5 cases in which studies were made. Group A (»Syndrome of rudimentary testes«) consisted of 4 patients with exceedingly small rudimentary testes who showed no abnormality of male sex differentiation except for a very minute penis. The testes were composed of scanty, small testicular tubules, containing pre-Sertoli cells and some spermatogonia. Foetal Leydig cells were present. Group B consisted of 4 patients with incompletely masculinized external genitalia and normal male gonaducts but in addition there was persistence of Mullerian elements in all cases, with an infantile uterus in two cases. These findings were similar to those of male pseudohermaphrodites; but careful surgical exploration with extensive microscopic sections revealed no gonadal tissue. Small nodules were present consisting only of fibrous tissue and in three cases a small clump of cells resembling either aberrant adrenal cells or Leydig cells. It is possible that these patients were male pseudohermaphrodites who had had defective testes in early embryonic life which had degenerated later. Group C (»Bilateral Anorchia«) consisted of 4 patients of adolescent or adult age whose sex organs were entirely male. Testes had never been palpated. They failed to develop secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and they grew tall with eunuchoid proportions. Careful surgical exploration revealed no gonads in either the inguinal canals or the abdomen. The vasa deferentia were traced to their ends and were found to end blindly or in rudimentary epidydimes. According to the theory of Jost functioning testes must have been present in the stage of embryonic sex differentiation and degenerated later. The selection of the sex of rearing is discussed and it is pointed out that the patients of Group A and have a phallus so small that they can never function adequately as males. Accordingly it is better that they be assigned the female gender in early infancy. This opinion is confirmed by the fact that two patients of Group who were raised as males and treated with testosterone were psychologically very badly maladjusted and in adult life decided to change to the female role.

scholarly journals Endocrine Disruptors and Leydig Cell Function

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Svechnikov ◽  
G. Izzo ◽  
L. Landreh ◽  
J. Weisser ◽  
O. Söder
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Large Body ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Male Reproductive Tract ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

During the past decades, a large body of information concerning the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) on animals and humans has been accumulated. EDCs are of synthetic or natural origin and certain groups are known to disrupt the action of androgens and to impair the development of the male reproductive tract and external genitalia. The present overview describes the effects of the different classes of EDCs, such as pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and phytoestrogens, including newly synthesized resveratrol analogs on steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. The potential impact of these compounds on androgen production by Leydig cells during fetal development and in the adult age is discussed. In addition, the possible role of EDCs in connection with the increasing frequency of abnormalities in reproductive development in animals and humans is discussed.

scholarly journals Socio-medical burden of managing a Nigerian child with 46XY male disorder of sex differentiation: A Case Report

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-286
Author(s):  
OO Oba-Daini ◽  
MB Fetuga ◽  
IO Ogundele ◽  
CC Nwokoro ◽  
AA Olatunji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Ambiguous Genitalia ◽  
Resource Poor Setting ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Nigerian Child ◽  
Medical Burden ◽  
Bipotential Gonad

Phenotypic expression of the male internal and external genitalia is due largely to the interplay between the proper differentiation of the bipotential gonad, the production of testosterone from the Leydig cells and the response of the undifferentiated external genitalia to Dihydrotestosterone. When any of the pathways involved in the mechanisms described above are distorted, it results in the 46 XY Disorder of Sex Differentiation (DSD).The incidence of 46 XY DSD ranges from 20 to 41% among the cases of Disorder of Sex Differentiation (DSD) in Nigeria, though there is a paucity of data on this condition. This report describes an under-virilized genetically male child who presented with ambiguous genitalia in the neonatal period and was subsequently diagnosed as SRY positive 46 XY DSD with reduced testosterone synthesis. This report is necessitated by the need to create awareness and highlight the relevant medico-social challenges in the management of DSD in a resource-poor setting.

GONADAL HISTOLOGY IN PATIENTS WITH MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM AND ATYPICAL GONADAL DYSGENESIS: RELATION TO THEORIES OF SEX DIFFERENTIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Bergada ◽  
William W. Cleveland ◽  
Howard W. Jones ◽  
Lawson Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Gonadal Dysgenesis ◽  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Pseudohermaphroditism ◽  
Chromosomal Mosaicism ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Turner's Syndrome ◽  
Turner’S Syndrome ◽  
Gonadal Histology

ABSTRACT The anatomic findings and gonadal histology of 41 patients who had atypical forms of gonadal dysgenesis or of male pseudohermaphroditism are described. Fourteen of these cases were classified as atypical gonadal dysgenesis because there were gross evidences of abnormal gonadal development, differing from those of classical Turner's syndrome. In this group there was no incidence of familial inheritance but there were evidences of chromosomal aberrations. Two patients diagnosed as »gonadal dysplasia« had primitive genital streaks differing from those of typical gonadal aplasia (Turner's Syndrome) only in the presence of masses of Leydig-like cells. That this condition is a variant of gonadal aplasia is suggested by the association of short stature in one case and by the demonstration in the other case of chromosomal mosaicism of XO/XX pattern, with the XO cell type predominant as in chromatin-negative Turner's Syndrome. Ten patients had »asymmetrical gonadal differentiation« with a testis on one side and on the other side either no gonad (2 cases), a primitive genital streak (6 cases) or an undifferentiated gonad (2 cases). Among these mosaicism of XO/XY type was demonstrated in one case and it is suspected that more intensive chromosomal studies in the future may show a high incidence of mosaicism or other chromosomal aberration in this group. In addition 2 cases of true hermaphroditism are described. There were 27 male pseudohermaphrodites who had two testes with no histological evidences of dysgenesis. Eight of these patients had female external genitalia and 19 had genitalia which were ambiguous or resembled the male. In 4 patients of the latter group there were completely developed uterus and Fallopian tubes. Since the testes of all the male hermaphrodites showed good development of the medullary components believed to be responsible for male differentiation, it must be assumed that there was a defect in the biosynthesis of the »male organizing substances« of the foetal testes. Normal male XY chromosomal patterns were found in all of our cases which were studied and have been reported by other workers. The high familial incidence of this disorder suggests that an enzyme defect is transmitted by a mutant gene. In the »syndrome of feminizing testes« the demonstration of oestrogenic manifestations after puberty is further evidence of an abnormality of synthesis of testicular hormones. The correlation of gonadal pathology and the sex differentiation of gonaducts and external genitalia is compatible with the theory of Jost that normal masculinization is dependant upon the production of adequate amounts of masculinizing substances by the foetal testes. Discordances between the degree of masculinization (or feminization) of the gonaducts and the external genitalia can be explained only by postulating that there are at least two substances concerned; one causing masculinization of the Wolffian ducts and external genitalia and the other causing disappearance of the Mullerian ducts.

SINGLE PATENT VESSEL OVER AN EMBEDDED RING: A CASE REPORT

Hand Surgery ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (01) ◽  
pp. 125-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bassim Awan ◽  
Osama A. Samargandi ◽  
Hattan A. Aljaaly ◽  
Asim M. Makhdom
Keyword(s):  
Index Finger ◽  
Ring Finger ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Surgical Exploration ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Poor Social Support ◽  
Outer Aspect ◽  
The Right

Embedded ring injury is rarely encountered in clinical practice, and most of the few reported cases share common features, including deliberate neglect, mental illness, poor social support, female gender, and adult age group. Ischemia has never been reported in such injuries. Here, we report the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with a completely embedded ring in the right index finger and a partially embedded ring in the left ring finger. Revascularization after ring embedment probably explains the intact vessel that was observed on the outer aspect of the embedded ring during surgical exploration of the right index finger.

Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Zöe Fenn ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Age Differences ◽  
Choice Tasks

A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting; that is, the valuation of rewards at different points in time. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,736), we found no reliable relation between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.081, 95% CI [-0.185, 0.025]). We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of experimental design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. rewards), amount of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that adult age is not reliably associated with individual differences in temporal discounting. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span.

ATTITUDE TOWARDS MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS DURING THE MENSTRUATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-43
Author(s):  
J. C. Kavitha Latha ◽  
R. Varalakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Minimal Sample ◽  
High Attitude ◽  
The Right

Adolescents are dened as the young people between the age groups of 10 and 19 years as per the WHO records. Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adult life as it is regarded as the intermediate period between the childhood age and the adult age. Menstruation occurs every month periodically except during pregnancy. The maintenance of menstrual hygienic methods is a very challenging task to the adolescent girls. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs blocked the access to get the right kind of information to adolescent girls that led to poor hygiene practices. Menstruation has often been dealt with secrecy in many cultures. Aim: Attitude towards myths and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation. To assess the attitude regarding myths Objective: and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation. To examine the level of attitude of adolescent girls towards Myths and Misconceptions Tool: The Tool used for the present study was self structured questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. Results: Many of number of adolescent girls is having low attitude i.e., having many myths and misconceptions towards menstruation and very few sample is having high attitude which is indicating that minimal sample is not having negative attitude towards the myths and misconceptions. Sample: Sample of the present study consists of 300 adolescent girls from government vocational colleges in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State. There are signicant differences between age, religion, educational quali Conclusion: cations of mother's, type of family and mode of communication among adolescent girls with regard to their attitude towards myths and misconceptions during the menstruation. There is low level of attitude towards the myths and misconceptions among adolescent girls during the menstruation

scholarly journals Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive/dependent upon androgens and/or estrogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esequiel Rodriguez ◽  
Dana A. Weiss ◽  
Max Ferretti ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Julia Menshenia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
External Genitalia

scholarly journals Coccydynia – could age, trauma and body mass index be independent prognostic factors for outcomes of intervention?

2018 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kodumuri ◽  
S Raghuvanshi ◽  
R Bommireddy ◽  
Z Klezl
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
World Health ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Group A ◽  
Manipulation Under Anaesthesia

Introduction The aetiology of coccydynia can be multifactorial, with several associated factors such as obesity, female gender and low mood. The long-term results of operative interventions, such as manipulation under anaesthesia and coccygectomy are variable, ranging from 63–90%. Materials and methods Our aim was to identify whether age, trauma and body mass index (BMI) were independent prognostic factors in coccydynia treatment. All patients who presented to the Royal Derby Hospital with a primary diagnosis of coccydynia between January 2011 and January 2015 who had injections, manipulation under anaesthesia or coccygectomy were included. We used patient-reported satisfaction score as the primary outcome measure. We hypothesised that patients with preceding history of trauma and with high BMI (> 25) would be less satisfied. We divided patient BMI into four groups, following World Health Organization guidelines: group A (18.5–24.9), group B (25–29.9), group C (30–39.9) and group D (> 40). Results A total of 748 patients were diagnosed with coccydynia. Of these, 201 patients had 381 injections, 40 had 98 manipulations under anaesthesia and 9 had coccygectomy. Mean age was 46.4 years; 26% of patients had trauma to the coccyx. The mean time to follow-up was 7.3 months. We found a statistically significant difference (P = 0.03) between satisfaction scores in groups B and D. Patients who had trauma improved significantly (P = 0.04). The odds ratio calculation of coccygectomy and BMI revealed a higher risk of coccygectomy in Group A. Discussion This is the first study to establish BMI and trauma as independent prognostic factors for coccydynia treatment. Our hypothesis that patients with higher BMI would have lower satisfaction levels has been proven true.

Temporal patterns of gene expression in the antenna of the adult Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetics ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 140 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Helfand ◽  
K J Blake ◽  
B Rogina ◽  
M D Stracks ◽  
A Centurion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Reporter Protein ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Biological Time ◽  
Adult Drosophila

Abstract The time course of gene expression in the adult fruit fly has been partially characterized by using enhancer trap and reporter gene constructs that mark 49 different genes. The relative intensity of the reporter protein in individual cells of the antennae was measured as a function of adult age. Most genes showed a graduated expression, and the intensity of expression had a reproducible and characteristic time course. Different genes displayed different temporal patterns of expression and more often than not the pattern of expression was complex. We found a number of genes having patterns that scaled with life span. In these cases the intensity of gene expression was found to be invariant with respect to biological time, when expressed as a fraction of the life span of the line. The scaling was observed even when life span was varied as much as threefold. Such scaling serves to (1) further demonstrate that deterministic mechanisms such as gene regulation act to generate the temporal patterns of expression seen during adult life, (2) indicate that control of these regulatory mechanisms is linked to life span, and (3) suggest mechanisms by which this control is accomplished. We have concluded that gene expression in the adult fly is often regulated in a fashion that allows for graduated expression over time, and that the regulation itself is changing throughout adult life according to some prescribed program or algorithm.

Shuji, Terayama (1935–1983)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Yamaji Smith
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Group A ◽  
Experimental Theatre ◽  
Terayama Shuji ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

Terayama Shūji was an avant-garde Japanese poet, playwright (for stage and radio), filmmaker, and photographer associated with New Wave cinema and underground theatre movements such as post-shingeki. Born in Aomori Prefecture, then raised by relatives after his father died in the Pacific War and his mother moved to distant Kyushu to work, he settled in Tokyo, where he would spend the majority of his adult life. After studying literature at Waseda University, he began writing poetry, making his mark with a major prize for new tanka writers in 1954. In 1967, with his wife Kujo Kyoko, he co-founded the experimental theatre group TenjoSajiki [天井桟敷,] usually called ‘The Gallery’ in English; the title is taken from the Japanese translation of Marcel Carné’s film Les Enfants du Paradis. The same year, he founded ‘Universal Gravitation Drama Laboratory’ [Engeki-jikkenshitsu BanyuInryoku] an experimental gallery, cinema, and theatre space which later spun off the theatre group ‘A Laboratory of Play: Ban’yuInryoku.’ His films investigate the relationship between revolution, eroticism, youth culture, family psychology, and identity. Terayama’s works explore new formal and aesthetic techniques, while simultaneously forwarding and constantly questioning the radical politics of post-Second World War avant-garde arts in Japan.

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