scholarly journals Slika kao polje introspekcije

Ars Adriatica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 228-241
Author(s):  
Ivica Župan
Keyword(s):  

The oeuvre of Sunčanica Tuk consists of pulsating, restless factures, composed of vertical, always different moves systematized in sequences, with paint often oozing from them owing to their nervation and pulsation. Her opus is a truly subtle and cultivated self-analysis, a sublime psychogram, something that transforms the artist’s mental state into an immediate human trace, suitable, as the painter says, “for the deepest contemplative dive” into the secrets of her undoubtedly spiritually rich being, for expressing her complex psychic constellation and mental tensions, neuralgia, even drama – which the artist, as it seems, keeps experiencing over and over again. It is a soliloquy rather than a dialogue with the world: an encrypted and masked language of ambiguity and vagueness, a speech in hints that will not be understood by everyone, yet shocks and inspires the observer.

Author(s):  
Philip L. Quinn

The term ‘asceticism’ is derived from the Greek word, askēsis, which referred originally to the sort of exercise, practice or training in which athletes engage. Asceticism may be characterized as a voluntary, sustained and systematic programme of self-discipline and self-denial in which immediate sensual gratifications are renounced in order to attain some valued spiritual or mental state. Ascetic practices are to be found in all the major religious traditions of the world, yet they have often been criticized by philosophers. Some argue that the religious doctrines that they presuppose are false or unreasonable. Others contend that they express a preference for pain that humans cannot consistently act upon.


Physiotherapy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulina Morga ◽  
Justyna Traczyk ◽  
Klaudyna Wittenbeck ◽  
Agnieszka Zygmont

AbstractThe aim of the review was to find the factors correlated to the state of mental and physical health of the elderly as well as the factors, behaviours and activities that can be influenced and potentially modified. We performed an analysis of results of research conducted in many places all across the world among the persons after the age of 50. The results of this research indicate a significant role of physical activity in functioning of the elderly. They show how it influences their performance of everyday activities, their mood and health. We discuss the research taking into account the diagnostic tools used, the interventions performed and their effectiveness.


1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 657-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Bracken ◽  
Caroline Gorst-Unsworth

The persecution of civilians by the Iraqi forces in Kuwait and subsequent acts of revenge on the Palestinian population have caused widespread revulsion throughout the world. Stories of torture and rape have been described in the Western media and issues of human rights have gained considerable prominence of late. Perhaps now is a good time to examine how Britain responds to the needs of survivors of torture who seek asylum here.


The development of linguistics, a multidisciplinary approach to the coverage of linguistic phenomena have led to a change in the scientific paradigm – the discursive paradigm has come instead of text-centric one. In linguistics a philological discipline has been arised – discourse studies aimed at characterizing the speech communication of people in certain situations taking into account the unity of scientific approaches. The purpose of the article is to comprehend the author’s artistic discourse as a philosophical and humanitarian reality, to form a cognitive and pragmatic concept of artistic discourse. The polysemy of the term discourse makes it possible to use the concept of artistic discourse in two meanings – broad and narrow. Discourse1, or author's discourse, is a part of cultural space where semiotic units formed according to the laws of certain genres function, in which the author's knowledge, information, assessments, mentality as a representative of a certain sociocultural community are creatively and verbally reproduced and which have a pragmatic load. In a narrow sense discourse2 means a fragment of text (context). The cognitive aspect (knowledge, information, assessments, mentality in general) is realized in the plan of text – author, pragmatic – in the plane of text – reader, although we are aware that such a division is to some extent conditional. For effective analysis of artistic discourse in cognitive and pragmatic aspects we consider it`s necessary to enter into scientific circulation two abstract units – cognitema and pragmatema. Cognitema is a generalized unit in which a quantum of information about the world is realized (for example, thinking, color, mental state, etc.). Pragmatema is an abstract unit which has influence into the reader.


Author(s):  
Viktoriya Edigareva ◽  
◽  
Yuliya Makarevskaya ◽  

In late 2019 - early 2020, the world was faced with a massive infection of COVID-19. The spread of the disease was quite high and affected almost all countries of the world. The infection was transmitted in a severe form, and therefore there were many deaths. Undoubtedly, the situation affected the mental state of people in many regions of the world and our country. Therefore, the aim of our research was to study the mental state of residents of cities and towns during the COVID-19. We assumed that during the spread of COVID-19 across Russia, the indicators of mental states, namely "frustration", "neurotization" and "energy" in cities and towns, will differ. However, the level of "anxiety" will not have significant differences. Particular hypotheses: the level of "frustration" will be higher in big cities, "neurotization" and "energy" will have a higher rate in small towns. The following methods were used in the research: Eysenck H.J. «Scale of mental states, Boyko V.V. «Method of neurotization diagnostics», method "Self-assessment of emotional states" A. Wessman and D. Ricks, nonparametric Mann-Whitney test. The research involved 83 people, 44 people lives in large cities, 39 – lives in small, 16 – males, 67 – females. Age: from 13 to 74. According to the results of the work, the hypothesis of the same level of anxiety in both groups was fully confirmed. The differences in the level of frustration and neurotization were not statistically confirmed. The hypothesis of a higher level of "energy" in regions with a small population was partially confirmed.


Author(s):  
Alex Byrne

T&SK sets out and defends a theory of self-knowledge—knowledge of one’s mental states. Inspired by Gareth Evans’ discussion of self-knowledge in his The Varieties of Reference, the basic idea is that one comes to know that one is in a mental state M by an inference from a worldly or environmental premise to the conclusion that one is in M. (Typically the worldly premise will not be about anything mental.) The mind, on this account, is “transparent”: self-knowledge is achieved by an “outward glance” at the corresponding tract of the world, not by an “inward glance” at one’s own mind. Belief is the clearest case, with the inference being from ‘p’ to ‘I believe that p.’ One serious problem with this idea is that the inference seems terrible, because ‘p’ is at best very weak evidence that one believes that p. Another is that the idea seems not to generalize. For example, what is the worldly premise corresponding to ‘I intend to ϕ‎,’ or ‘I feel a pain’? T&SK argues that both problems can be solved, and explains how the account covers perception, sensation, desire, intention, emotion, memory, imagination, and thought. The result is a unified theory of self-knowledge that explains the epistemic security of beliefs about one’s mental states (privileged access), as well as the fact that one has a special first-person way of knowing about one’s mental states (peculiar access).


Author(s):  
Janet Levin

In contemporary discussions in the philosophy of mind, the terms quale and qualia (plural) are most commonly used to denote features of our conscious mental states such as the throbbing pain of my headache, the warmth I feel when I hold my hands over the fire, or the greenish character of my visual experience when I look at the tree outside my window (or stare hard at something red and then close my eyes). To use the now-standard locution introduced by Thomas Nagel, a subject’s mental state has qualia (or, equivalently, phenomenal properties) just in case there is something it is like for the subject to be in that state, and there are phenomenal similarities and differences among a subject’s mental states (that is, similarities and differences in their qualia) just in case there are similarities and differences in what it is like for that subject to be in those states. Qualia, in this sense, can be more or less specific: the state I am in at the moment can be an example of a migraine, a headache, a pain and, even more generally, a bodily sensation. And a mental state can have a distinctive phenomenal property, or quale, even if its subject cannot pick it out in terms any more descriptive than ‘I’m now feeling something funny’, or ‘I’ve never had an experience quite like this’. Sometimes the terms ‘quale’ and ‘qualia’ have been used more restrictively, to denote properties of mental states that are irreducibly nonphysical. ‘Qualia’ has also been used to denote ‘sense-data’, that is, image-like elements of perceptual experiences whose properties are directly and infallibly accessible to the subject of those experiences (and thus provide ‘data’ for our theories of the world). Indeed, C. I. Lewis, who is generally thought to have introduced the term, used ‘qualia’ in this way, and many others (e.g. Dennett 1988: 229) have understood ‘qualia’ to denote properties that are ‘ineffable, intrinsic, private, and directly or immediately apprehensible in consciousness’. Thus philosophical disputes about qualia have often taken the form of disputes about whether qualia exist, rather than about what sorts of properties qualia could be. But most philosophers now use these terms more neutrally, as characterized above - and attempt to argue that qualia must have (or can lack) these further metaphysical and epistemological characteristics. Perhaps the most contentious dispute about qualia is whether they can have a place in the physical world; whether, that is, they could be identical with physical, functional or otherwise natural properties, or must rather be regarded as irreducibly nonphysical features of our mental states. There are also significant epistemological questions about qualia - in particular, how we come to have knowledge of the phenomenal properties of our own mental states, whether our beliefs about these properties can be taken to be infallible, or at least to have some kind of special authority not possessed by our beliefs about the world outside our minds, and whether, and if so, how, we could have such knowledge of the mental states of others. In addition, it has traditionally been routine to distinguish ‘qualitative’ states such as sensations and perceptual experiences from purely representational (or intentional) states such as beliefs, thoughts and preferences, but this distinction is now under challenge. Thus another important question about qualia is how extensive they are in our mental lives: whether they are possessed by all our conscious mental states, including thoughts, beliefs, intentions and preferences, or merely some, such as sensations and perceptions.


Author(s):  
Yusong Gao ◽  
Minglong Lei ◽  
Tingshao Zhu

In recent years, smartphones become rapidly popular across the world. Meanwhile, since mental health problems became more serious, psychological characteristics including personalities and mental health state draw more researchers' attention. Generally, self-report and interview are two mostly used techniques for assessing people's mental state or personality traits. In this chapter, we overviewed some researches that focused on accessing psychological characteristics by smartphone usage behaviors. Firstly, we discussed some previous researches analyzing smartphone usage behaviors and psychological characteristics, and further discussed typical research work predicting psychological characteristics based on smartphone usage behaviors. In these literatures, results indicated that most dimensions of users' mental state and personality traits could be identified from their smartphone usage fairly well.


2020 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Yakymenko S.I.

У статті автор акцентує увагу на орієнтирах сучасної дошкільної та початкової освіти на особистіс-ний розвиток дитини, формування у неї свідомого, ціннісного ставлення до навколишнього середови-ща, забезпечення умов для її духовного зростання. Визначено поняття «світосприйняття» як складника багаторівневої структури світогляду особистості. Розглянуто наукові підходи до розуміння зазначено-го поняття, що визначає риси дитячого світосприйняття. Розкрито підходи до розуміння зазначеного поняття з точки зору різних наук. Світосприйняття як педагогічна категорія за своєю суттю є інте-гративною, оскільки є засобом опису й осмислення особистісних, соціальних, культурно-історичних і власне освітніх феноменів, багаторівневою структурою, що відображає індивідуальне і соціально- типологічне ставлення до зовнішнього і внутрішнього світу людини у варіативності форм і способів прояву цього відношення.Зазначено, що світосприйняття як цілісний процес пізнання й осмислення навколишнього світу дитиною включає різноманітні етапи, періоди, напрями та зумовлене психічним станом особисто-сті та характером її життєдіяльності. З’ясовано, що ступінь сприйняття дітьми однакових природних об’єктів чи явищ відповідає їхньому психічному стану, розвитку інтелекту, сформованим моральним і етичним нормам поведінки та діяльності в соціумі, метою якої є взаємодія особистості з навколиш-нім середовищем. Встановлено, що сприйняття навколишнього середовища як цілісності є важливим, оскільки сприяє усвідомленню дитиною його функціональної структури, яка за своїми законами впо-рядковує розмаїття явищ чи об’єктів. Визначено поняття «світогляд» та здійснено його ґрунтовний аналіз, оскільки світосприйняття є складником його рівневої структури: емоційно-чуттєвої (світовід-чуття), усвідомлено-чуттєвої (світосприйняття), свідомої (світорозуміння), самосвідомої (світогляд як такий). Термін «світогляд» пояснено як систему поглядів на дійсність, яка визначає загальну спрямо-ваність діяльності і поведінки людини та є найвищим синтезом знань, практичного досвіду та емоцій-них оцінок. З’ясовано, що основи світогляду закладаються практично з моменту народження людини, а засвоєні нею моральні норми, ідеали, принципи, правила поведінки зводяться у цілісну систему, яка дає їй змогу не лише зрозуміти навколишній світ, а й відшукати своє місце в ньому, сформувати своє ставлення до нього та зміст свого життя. Зроблено висновок, що у дітей 5–8 років ще не сформовані фундаментальні основи світогляду, тому метою виховання особистості є формування основ його струк-турних компонентів, зокрема, світосприйняття. In the article the author focuses on the guidelines of modern preschool and primary education on the personal development of the child, the formation of a conscious, valuable attitude to the environment, providing conditions for its spiritual growth. The concept of “worldview” is defined as a component of the multilevel structure of the worldview of the individual. Scientific approaches to understanding this concept, defining the features of children’s worldview are considered. Approaches to understanding this concept from the point of view of various sciences are revealed. World perception as a pedagogical category is essentially integrative, as it is a means of describing and understanding personal, social, cultural, historical and educational phenomena, a multilevel structure that reflects the individual and socio-typological attitude to the external and internal world of man in the variability of forms and ways of manifestation in this regard.It is noted that the world perception as a holistic process of cognition and understanding of the world around the child includes various stages, periods, directions and due to the mental state of the individual and the nature of his life. It was found that the degree of children’s perception of the same natural objects or phenomena corresponds to their mental state, intellectual development, formed moral and ethical norms of behavior and activities in society, the purpose of which is the interaction of the individual with the environment. It is established that the perception of the environment as a whole is important because it promotes the child’s awareness of its functional structure, which according to its laws regulates the diversity of phenomena or objects. The concept of “worldview” is defined and its thorough analysis is carried out, as world perception is a component of its level structure: emotional-sensory (world perception), conscious-sensual (world perception), conscious (worldview), self-conscious (worldview as such). The term “worldview” is explained as a system of views on reality, which determines the general direction of human activity and behavior and is the highest synthesis of knowledge, practical experience and emotional assessments. It is found that the foundations of the worldview are laid almost from the moment of a person’s birth, and the moral norms, ideals, principles, rules of behavior mastered by her are reduced to a holistic system that allows her not only to understand the world, but also to find his place in it, her attitude to it and the meaning of her live. It is concluded that children 5–8 years have not yet formed the fundamental foundations of worldview, so the purpose of educating the individual is to form the foundations of its structural components, in particular, worldview.


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Olena Predko

The author notes that prayer is a kind of mental state, which is characterized by extreme intensification of the emotional sphere, which ultimately leads to the transformation of a person, breakthrough into the sphere of the Divine. Moreover, the procedural nature of the prayer highlights the spiritual horizons of the being of a person, allows expanding its spiritual and transcendental meanings of existence. This would certainly contribute to the substantiation of the type of philosophizing that would combine the rational and the irrational and thereby serve both the mind, feeling and morality in the personality formation, its involvement in the sphere of the Divine. Prayer acts as a catalyst for the activity of the consciousness of the subject, his spirituality. It provides a person support for his target attitude, relieving internal stresses. Priority is its role in extreme situations when the maximum concentration of spiritual and physical forces of the person is required. Prayer practices act as a generator of energy, support the inner attitude of a person, necessary for further activities and for overcoming difficulties. In fact, the prayer becomes the generator of the formation of a kind of subjective reality of a person, sets its style of life and thinking. Prayer is the phenomenon by which not only certain meanings are found by person, but also indicators of the existence of a certain hierarchy of values and landmarks are verified. Spiritual prayer experience is the experience of human existence, the experience of "gathering oneself" from scattered parts, where a person is both an artist and a work of art, where not only one has to live, but also to comprehend, to create not only oneself in the process of this reflection, but also the world of the Other. Therefore, the prayer process forms the complex architectonics of the spiritual mode of being of a person, sets its viability, thanks to which it is self-determined, aiming at dialogue with the Absolute.


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