Bilateral Assimilation of Two Neighboring Empty Time Intervals

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota Miyauchi ◽  
Takayuki Nakajima
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Subjective Equality ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Empty Time

In many sensory dimensions, assimilation of characteristics of perceived events can be found. In the present study, we examined whether assimilation appeared also in time perception, employing time intervals shorter than 300 ms marked by tone bursts. In Experiment 1, we measured points of subjective equality of two neighboring empty time intervals, t1 and t2. The perceived durations approached each other when the difference between t1 and t2 was small. That is, bilateral assimilation took place. In Experiment 2, we measured points of subjective equality of t1 in smaller steps and across a wider durational range than in Experiment 1. We found that t1 was overestimated slightly when it was a bit shorter than t2, and t1 was underestimated slightly when it was a bit longer than t2. The overestimation and the underestimation were considered as typical assimilation. The results also showed that the perception of t1 changed from assimilation to contrast when the difference between t1 and t2 exceeded the range -80 � t1 � t2 � 40 ms.

scholarly journals Time-Shrinking and Categorical Temporal Ratio Perception

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gert Ten Hoopen ◽  
Takayuki Sasaki ◽  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Ger Remijn ◽  
Bob Massier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Matching Procedure ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Empty Time

In a previous study, we presented psychophysical evidence that time-shrinking (TS), an illusion of time perception that empty durations preceded by shorter ones can be conspicuously underestimated, gives rise to categorical perception on the temporal dimension (Sasaki, Nakajima, & ten Hoopen, 1998). In the present study, we first survey studies of categorical rhythm perception and then describe four experiments that provide further evidence that TS causes categorical perception on the temporal dimension. In the first experiment, participants judged the similarity between pairs of /t1/t2/ patterns (slashes denote short sound markers delimiting the empty time intervals t1 and t2). A cluster analysis and a scaling analysis showed that patterns liable to TS piled up in a 1:1 category. The second and third experiments are improved replications in which the sum of t1 and t2 in the /t1/t2/ patterns is kept constant at 320 ms. The results showed that the 12 patterns /115/205/, /120/200/,  . . ., /165/155/, /170/150/ formed a 1:1 category. The fourth experiment utilizes a cross-modality matching procedure to establish the subjective temporal ratio of the /t1/t2/ patterns and a 1:1 category was established containing the 11 patterns /120/200/, /125/195/,  . . ., /165/155/, /170/150/. On basis of these converging results we estimate a domain of perceived 1:1 ratios as a function of total pattern duration (t1 + t2) between 160 and 480 ms. We discuss the implications of this study for rhythm perception and production.

Ratio Judgments of Empty Durations with Numeric Scales

Perception ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Seishi Nishimura ◽  
Ryunen Teranishi
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Empty Time Interval ◽  
General Aspects ◽  
Empty Time

A study is reported on the perception of empty time intervals marked by auditory signals. Nakajima's supplement hypothesis, which states that the subjective duration of a subjectively empty time interval is proportional to its physical duration plus a constant of ~80 ms, was examined quantitatively. Although this hypothesis has been used to explain various general aspects of time perception, from a global viewpoint, it has lacked the quantitative data necessary to describe the shape of the psychophysical functions mathematically. In the present study, subjects used two positive numbers to estimate the subjective ratio ( m: n) between the durations of two serial or separate empty intervals. The psychophysical functions for empty durations 50–600 ms long could be approximated by a straight line with a positive y-intercept, as predicted by the hypothesis. The effective range of the hypothesis could be extended to ~1200 ms. A power function (without any modifications) also gave good approximations. The reliability and validity of the supplement hypothesis are discussed.

A New Illusion of Time Perception

1991 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshitaka Nakajima ◽  
Gert Ten Hoopen ◽  
René Van Der Wilk
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Rhythm Perception ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Common Marker ◽  
Standard Duration ◽  
Empty Time Interval ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Empty Time

When two very short time intervals are presented serially by sound markers (in such a way that they share a common marker) the subject's duration judgments of the second time interval can be affected by the duration of the first interval. Such a conspicuous effect has not been reported in the literature. Standard empty time intervals of 120, 240, 480, and 720 msec were preceded by a neighboring empty time interval of various physical durations, and subjects adjusted a comparison empty time interval to the same subjective duration as these standards. We found clear underestimations of the standard duration when its physical duration was 120 msec. For example, when the preceding duration was 45 msec, the relative underestimation was about 40%. Because such a stable and remarkable underestimation appeared in a very simple situation, this phenomenon may be called a new illusion. Such an illusion did not appear when the time interval to be judged was succeeded by another time interval. At present we cannot explain the illusion, but in the general discussion we attempt to relate it to some findings in rhythm perception.

scholarly journals The effect of diminazene aceturate on cholinesterase activity in dogs with canine babesiosis

1997 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Milner ◽  
F. Reyers ◽  
J.H. Taylor ◽  
J.S. Van den Berg
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Significant Depression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

A clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of diminazene aceturate and its stabiliser antipyrine on serum pseudocholinesterase (PChE) and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC AChE) in dogs with babesiosis. The trial was conducted on naturally occurring, uncomplicated cases of babesiosis (n = 20) that were randomly allocated to groups receiving a standard therapeutic dose of diminazene aceturate with antipyrine stabiliser (n = 10) or antipyrine alone (n = 10). Blood was drawn immediately before and every 15 minutes for 1 hour after treatment. Plasma PChE showed a 4 % decrease between 0 and 60 min within the treatment group (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any of the time intervals for PChE. There was an increase in RBC AChE activity at 15 min in the treatment group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the treatment and control groups at any time interval for RBC AChE. In view of the difference in PChE, samples from additional, new cases (n = 10) of canine babesiosis were collected to identify the affect of the drug over 12 hours. No significant depression was identified over this time interval. The results suggests that the underlying mechanism in producing side-effects, when they do occur, is unlikely to be through cholinesterase depression.

scholarly journals Retinomotor movements in the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi Boulenger submitted to different environmental light conditions

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucélia Donatti ◽  
Edith Fanta
Keyword(s):  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Antarctic Fish ◽  
Constant Darkness ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Environmental Light ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Antarctic

The Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi (Boulenger, 1902) occurs from benthic to pelagic habitats, in seasonally and daily varied photic conditions that induce retinomotor movements. Fish were experimentally kept under constant darkness or light, and 12Light/12Dark for seven days. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium was established through the pigment index, while that of the cones was calculated as the length of the myoid. The retinomotor movement of the pigment epithelium in T.newnesi,revealed that the adaptation to constant light occurred in the one hour of exposure, remaining constant for the next seven days. However, the adaptation to constant darkness, was slower. The difference between the mean values of the pigment indices in the time intervals of sampling was significant in the first hours of the experiment, and only after six hours they were not significant any more. The myoid of cones became elongated in darkness and contracted in light. In the experiments where T.newnesiwas exposed initially to 12 hours light followed by 12 hours darkness 12 was evidenced that the speed and intensity of the retinomotor movements was higher when darkness changed into light, than when light changed into darkness.

scholarly journals The ages of zone of proximal development for retrospective time assessment and anticipation of time event

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.V. Portnova ◽  
A. B. Rebreikina ◽  
O.V. Martynova
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Neuropsychological Assessment ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Zone Of Proximal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Proximal Development ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Time Assessment

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the ability of children aged 5–14 years old (preschoolers, primary schoolers, and preteens) to assess and anticipate time intervals. 287 Russian children aged 5–14 years old and 26 adults of control group participated in our study. The neuropsychological assessment, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and a battery of time-related tests were applied. All groups of children overestimated the event’s duration, although the accuracy of the second estimations increased among the participants aged 6–8 years after a prompt was offered. A zone of proximal development for time anticipation task was detected for children aged 9-11 years, when the prompt could significantly improve the accuracy of time perception. The participants overestimated the duration of both upcoming and past events, with the degree of overestimation being found to be negatively correlated with age. Further, a higher degree of accuracy in terms of time estimation was found to be correlated with higher scores on the attention and memory tests, and accuracy of time anticipation was associated with scores of praxis test.

scholarly journals Variability in Thyroid Cancer Multidisciplinary Team Meeting Recommendations Is Not Explained by Standard Variables: Outcomes of a Single Centre Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4150
Author(s):  
Mark E. Fenton ◽  
Sarah A. Wade ◽  
Bibi N. Pirrili ◽  
Zsolt J. Balogh ◽  
Christopher W. Rowe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Total Thyroidectomy ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Completion Thyroidectomy ◽  
Measured Variable ◽  
T1 And T2 ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Therapeutic Decision Making

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings are the mainstay of the decision-making process for patients presenting with complex clinical problems such as papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Adherence to guidelines by MDTs has been extensively investigated; however, scarce evidence exists on MDT performance and variability where guidelines are less prescriptive. We evaluated the consistency of MDT management recommendations for T1 and T2 PTC patients and explored key variables that may influence therapeutic decision making. A retrospective review of the prospective database of all T1 and T2 PTC patients discussed by the MDT was conducted between January 2016 and May 2021. Univariate analysis (with Bonferroni correction significance calculated at p < 0.006) was performed to establish clinical variables linked to completion thyroidectomy and Radioactive iodine (RAI) recommendations. Of 468 patients presented at thyroid MDT, 144 pT1 PTC and 118 pT2 PTC met the selection criteria. Only 18% (n = 12) of pT1 PTC patients initially managed with hemithyroidectomy were recommended completion thyroidectomy. Mean tumour diameter was the only variable differing between groups (p = 0.003). pT2 patients were recommended completion thyroidectomy in 66% (n = 16) of instances. No measured variable explained the difference in recommendation. pT1 patients initially managed with total thyroidectomy were not recommended RAI in 71% (n = 55) of cases with T1a status (p = 0.001) and diameter (p = 0.001) as statistically different variables. For pT2 patients, 60% (n = 41) were recommended RAI post-total thyroidectomy, with no differences observed among groups. The majority of MDT recommendations were concordant for patients with similar measurable characteristics. Discordant recommendations for a small group of patients were not explained by measured variables and may have been accounted for by individual patient factors. Further research into the MDT decision-making process is warranted.

scholarly journals The Effect of Probabilistic Information on Threshold Forecasts

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 804-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Joslyn ◽  
Karla Pak ◽  
David Jones ◽  
John Pyles ◽  
Earl Hunt
Keyword(s):  
General Tendency ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Probabilistic Information ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Low Probability ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Winds ◽  
Very High

Abstract The study reported here asks whether the use of probabilistic information indicating forecast uncertainty improves the quality of deterministic weather decisions. Participants made realistic wind speed forecasts based on historical information in a controlled laboratory setting. They also decided whether it was appropriate to post an advisory for winds greater than 20 kt (10.29 m s−1) during the same time intervals and in the same geographic locations. On half of the forecasts each participant also read a color-coded chart showing the probability of winds greater than 20 kt. Participants had a general tendency to post too many advisories in the low probability situations (0%–10%) and too few advisories in very high probability situations (90%–100%). However, the probability product attenuated these biases. When participants used the probability product, they posted fewer advisories when the probability of high winds was low and they posted more advisories when the probability of high winds was high. The difference was due to the probability product alone because the within-subjects design and counterbalancing of forecast dates ruled out alternative explanations. The data suggest that the probability product improved threshold forecast decisions.

scholarly journals Memory for empty time intervals in pigeons

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Time Intervals ◽  
Empty Time

PENGARUH KOMBINASI EKSTRAK JERUK BRASTAGI DAN WORTEL PER ORAL SEBELUM AKTIVITAS FISIK TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR MDA PLASMA MENCIT SETELAH AKTIVITAS FISIK

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Nurvidya Rachma Dewi ◽  
Ambrosius Purba ◽  
Beltasar Tarigan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Per Oral

Aerobic metabolism in the cellular level generates free radicals. Under normal condition,theres balance between free radicals and endogenous antioxidants. Excessive amount of freeradicals impair DNA, protein, fat, etc. The level of free radicals can be known by measuringplasma malondialdehyde level. Combination of Brastagis oranges and carrots juice asexogenous antioxidants supplementation expected to decrease free radicals level . The aim of thisstudy is to investigate the difference of plasma MDA level during several time intervals on micewhich is given and not given combination of Brastagis oranges and carrots juice before physicalactivity using mices treadmill for 20 minutes. The research method used in this study is anexperimental laboratory study. The objects of this study are 40 mice (mus musculus), whitecolored, male, weighting 25-30 grams, which is randomly chosen. The objects are divided into 2groups, Group A : 20 mice (given combination of Brastagis oranges and carrots juice beforephysical activity using mices treadmill) and group B : 20 mice (not given combination ofBrastagis oranges and carrots juice before physical activity using mices treadmill). Group Aare divided into 5 subgroups: A1 (measurement of plasma MDA level at 0 minute after treadmill),A2 (measurement of plasma MDA level at 15 minutes after treadmill), and A3 (measurement ofplasma MDA level at 30 minutes after treadmill), A4 (measurement of plasma MDA level at 60minutes after treadmill), and A5 (measurement of plasma MDA level at 240 minutes aftertreadmill). The same procedures are employed for the group B. Plasma MDA level measuredafter doing physical activity using mice treadmill. The homogenity of the result then was testedusing Levenes test and the normality of the result was tested using Kolmogorov-smirnov test (p>0.05). Further, the data was analyzed using independent t-test (p?0.05), one-way ANOVA(p?0.05) then Duncans test were used. The results reveal significant lowering plasma MDAconcentration in mice receiving combination of Brastagis oranges and carrots juice beforephysical activity, which is measured during several time intervals : 0,15,30,60, and 240 minutesafter physical activity than in mice not receiving combination of Brastagis oranges and carrotsjuice before physical activity. The MDA level differences between groups which is given and notgiven combination of Brastagis orange and carrots juice before physical activity measuredduring several intervals are 11,44% (0,8920 vs 1,0071) measured 0 minute after physical activity,15,47% (0,7902 vs 0,9348) measured 15 minutes after physical activity, 14,42% (0,7473 vs0,8732) measured 30 minutes after physical activity, 11,35% (0,6696 vs 0,7554) measured 60minutes after physical activity, and 13,60% (0,5786 vs 0,6696) measured 240 minutes afterphysical activity.The conclusion of the study suggested that combination of Brastagis orange andcarrots juice supplementation has lowering effect toward plasma MDA level measured duringseveral time intervals.

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