Preliminary evidence of biased attentional mechanisms and reward processing in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. O'Brien ◽  
Marni L. Jacob ◽  
Morgan King
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Low Probability

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive-disorder (OCD) may have difficulties in using feedback from rewarding and punishing experiences to optimally guide future decisions. The current aim was to examine how adults with OCD use associative learning feedback to direct attention toward learned stimuli when the action-outcome contingency for those stimuli has changed. Participants first learned to select high-probability (over low-probability) rewarding stimuli and low-probability (over high-probability) loss stimuli. Participants then saw these stimuli as the second of two targets in a task where available attentional resources were limited. Recognition of learned stimuli during limited attention was driven by previously learned stimulus-response associations instead of an attentional benefit toward the most favorable action-outcome associations (reward-associated stimuli), as demonstrated in prior research with non-OCD adults. The current evidence supports the hypothesis that individuals with OCD have difficulties shifting from learned stimulus-response associations when the response-outcome contingencies change.

P.0665 Reward processing differences between Obsessive-compulsive disorder and pathological gambling

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. S487-S488
Author(s):  
A. Juaneda-Segui ◽  
S. Bertolín ◽  
A. Del Pino-Gutiérrez ◽  
I. Martínez-Zalacaín ◽  
I. Baenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Processing Differences

scholarly journals Preliminary evidence of the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy for death anxiety in Iranian clients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement A) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hassan Davazdahemami ◽  
Abolfazl Bayrami ◽  
Julie M. Petersen ◽  
Michael P. Twohig ◽  
Maryam Bakhtiyari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Commitment Therapy ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment

The authors investigated the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for the treatment of death anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) with eight adult women in Iran. The ACT protocol was conducted in weekly solo sessions with each participant for 8 weeks (45 minutes each). The results were analyzed by visual analysis method and improvement percentage. ACT resulted in a 60%–80% decrease in death anxiety and a 51%–60% decrease in obsessive-compulsive symptoms, thereby indicating promise for ACT as a treatment for OCD and death anxiety.

Beyond Belief: Incremental Prediction of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder by Looming Vulnerability Illusions

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Riskind ◽  
Neil A. Rector
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Cognitive Vulnerability ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
The Self ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Symptom ◽  
Small Cohort ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Symptom

Cognitive models argue that obsessions and compulsions arise from distorted beliefs and exaggerated interpretations of intrusive thoughts. While these models have led to important advances, recent research has suggested the need to go beyond the factors the models identify. One new factor to consider may involve looming vulnerability, the production of dynamic mental scenarios of danger outcomes (e.g., contamination, harming, losing wanted possessions) as rushing through time and space and escalating in odds of harm for the self. Looming vulnerability is a different form of cognition that differs from belief factors because it concerns the process of anticipating noxious events as rapidly rising in risk rather than static beliefs about the final end states (e.g., responsibility, perfection). The present study tested looming vulnerability by examining a small cohort of 37 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results provide strong preliminary evidence that looming vulnerability in OCD-related themes (e.g., contamination, hoarding, and pure obsessional) contributes significant and substantial variance to the prediction of obsessive compulsive symptom severity on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale beyond the effects of beliefs and interpretations. Thus, looming vulnerability may represent a different form of cognitive vulnerability for the development and persistence of clinical obsessions that warrants further investigation.

Neural correlates of affective and non-affective cognition in obsessive compulsive disorder: A meta-analysis of functional imaging studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rasgon ◽  
W.H. Lee ◽  
E. Leibu ◽  
A. Laird ◽  
D. Glahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Referential Processing ◽  
Habitual Responding

AbstractObsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive ritualistic behaviors and has been associated with diverse functional brain abnormalities. We sought to synthesize current evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies and examine their alignment to pathogenetic models of OCD. Following systematic review, we identified 54 task-fMRI studies published in the last decade comparing adults with OCD (n = 1186) to healthy adults (n = 1159) using tasks of affective and non-affective cognition. We used voxel-based quantitative meta-analytic methods to combine primary data on anatomical coordinates of case-control differences, separately for affective and non-affective tasks. We found that functional abnormalities in OCD cluster within cortico-striatal thalamic circuits. Within these circuits, the abnormalities identified showed significant dependence on the affective or non-affective nature of the tasks employed as circuit probes. In studies using affective tasks, patients overactivated regions involved in salience, arousal and habitual responding (anterior cingulate cortex, insula, caudate head and putamen) and underactivated regions implicated in cognitive and behavioral control (medial prefrontal cortex, posterior caudate). In studies using non-affective cognitive tasks, patients overactivated regions involved in self-referential processing (precuneus, posterior cingulate cortex) and underactivated subcortical regions that support goal-directed cognition and motor control (pallidum, ventral anterior thalamus, posterior caudate). The overall pattern suggests that OCD-related brain dysfunction involves increased affective and self-referential processing, enhanced habitual responding and blunted cognitive control.

The OCD Project: Educational or Sensational?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-122
Author(s):  
Lindsay Mae Miller ◽  
Brett J. Deacon ◽  
David P. Valentiner
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reality Television ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Exposure Therapy ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Television Program ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Big Brother

Ninety-two young adults were randomly assigned to watch two episodes of The OCD Project, a reality television program depicting the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder using exposure therapy, or two episodes of another reality television program (Big Brother). Participants in The OCD Project condition (n = 35) endorsed significantly fewer negative beliefs about exposure therapy than participants in the Big Brother condition (n = 42). Participants’ obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms did not moderate the beneficial effects of watching The OCD Project. These results provide preliminary evidence that reality television programs can have a modest psychoeducational benefit and might be used to change attitudes about mental health problems and their treatment.

scholarly journals Enhanced reward-facilitating effects of d-amphetamine in rats in the quinpirole model of obsessive–compulsive disorder

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo T. Schmidt ◽  
Ellis Rea ◽  
Julia Shababi-Klein ◽  
George Panagis ◽  
Christine Winter
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Brain Stimulation Reward ◽  
Repetitive Behaviours ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Compulsive Checking ◽  
Compulsive Behaviour ◽  
Monopolar Stimulation

Abstract The underlying neurobiology of addictive or repetitive behaviours, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), involves dopaminergic dysregulation. While addictive behaviour depends strongly on mesolimbocortical dopaminergic responses, repetitive behaviours have been associated with dopaminergic dysregulation in the basal ganglia–thalamo–cortical circuitry. The present study investigates differences in brain stimulation reward in rats with quinpirole-induced compulsive checking behaviour, in order to examine if deficits in reward processing are also relevant for OCD. Rats were tested in the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm, which targets reward-related responses. After phenotype induction, animals were implanted with a monopolar stimulation electrode in the left medial forebrain bundle and trained to press a lever to self-administer electric stimulation of varying frequency. The curve-shift method was used to assess the reward-facilitating effects of d-amphetamine and the reward-attenuating effects of haloperidol (a D2 antagonist). Thresholds for ICSS were estimated before and after drug/saline injection. The reward-facilitating effects of d-amphetamine were enhanced in quinpirole-treated rats in comparison to controls. This finding suggests that chronic quinpirole-treatment induces changes within the reward circuitry relevant for compulsive behaviour in the rat.

scholarly journals Functional Connectivity of the Striatum as a Neural Correlate of Symptom Severity in Patient with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junha Park ◽  
Taekwan Kim ◽  
Minah Kim ◽  
Tae Young Lee ◽  
Jun Soo Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Hamilton Rating Scale

Objective It is well established that the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit is implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive- compulsive disorder (OCD). However, reports on corticostriatal functional connectivity (FC) in OCD have been inconsistent due to the structural and functional heterogeneity of the striatum. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated corticostriatal FC using a fine 12-seed striatal parcellation to overcome this heterogeneity and discover the neural correlates of symptoms in OCD patients.Methods We recruited 23 OCD patients and 23 healthy controls (HCs). Whole-brain FC based on striatal seeds was examined using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and compared across OCD patients and HCs. We conducted correlation analysis between FCs of striatal subregions with significant group differences and symptom severity scores on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A).Results Compared to HCs, patients demonstrated increased FC of the dorsal caudal putamen and ventral rostral putamen (VRP) with several cortical regions, such as the intracalcarine cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, supramarginal/angular gyrus (SMG/AG), and postcentral gyrus (PCG). Furthermore, FC between the VRP and SMG/AG and between the VRP and PCG was negatively correlated with scores on the Y-BOCS compulsive subscale and the HAM-A, respectively.Conclusion These findings suggest that striatal subregions have strengthened FC with extensive cortical regions, which may reflect neural correlates of compulsive and anxious symptoms in OCD patients. These results contribute to an improved understanding of OCD pathophysiology by complementing the current evidence regarding striatal FC.

Pharmacological management of comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder and chronic non-affective psychosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Itoro Udo ◽  
Carol McDaniel ◽  
Chidi Chima
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Before And After

SUMMARY The comorbidity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms (OCS) in the context of schizophrenia is often not recognised by clinicians, and patients may not report these symptoms until they become severe. However, there is a reported prevalence of 10–24% for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in schizophrenia and related disorders. The onset of OCS/OCD has been noted to occur both before and after the diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. It has also been known to occur following commencement of treatment with antipsychotic medications, especially clozapine. Current literature provides limited guidance for treatment. Review of the current evidence supports: addition of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to antipsychotics; addition of aripiprazole, amisulpride or lamotrigine; or reduction in the dosage of clozapine. There is also evidence supporting the addition of cognitive–behavioural therapy and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The SSRIs that are evidenced to be useful are fluvoxamine, escitalopram, sertraline and paroxetine. More studies are needed to expand the evidence base. Early targeted interventions are recommended.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document