Preparation of Thin Amorphous Films by E-Beam Evaporation from Multiple Sources

AEM analysis of crystallization in Ti-based amorphous alloys

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100075142 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

pp. 270-271

Author(s):

A.R. Pelton ◽

A.F. Marshall ◽

Y.S. Lee

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Properties ◽

Amorphous Alloys ◽

Amorphous Materials ◽

Isothermal Annealing ◽

Amorphous Matrix ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Current Interest ◽

Amorphous Films ◽

Electrical And Magnetic Properties

Amorphous materials are of current interest due to their desirable mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties. Furthermore, crystallizing amorphous alloys provides an avenue for discerning sequential and competitive phases thus allowing access to otherwise inaccessible crystalline structures. Previous studies have shown the benefits of using AEM to determine crystal structures and compositions of partially crystallized alloys. The present paper will discuss the AEM characterization of crystallized Cu-Ti and Ni-Ti amorphous films.Cu60Ti40: The amorphous alloy Cu60Ti40, when continuously heated, forms a simple intermediate, macrocrystalline phase which then transforms to the ordered, equilibrium Cu3Ti2 phase. However, contrary to what one would expect from kinetic considerations, isothermal annealing below the isochronal crystallization temperature results in direct nucleation and growth of Cu3Ti2 from the amorphous matrix.

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Observations on the Structure of Ta2O5

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100095959 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 540-541

Author(s):

P. S. Kotval ◽

C. J. Dewit

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Structural Features ◽

Amorphous Structure ◽

Polished Surface ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Anodic Films ◽

Amorphous Films ◽

Beam Heating ◽

Diffraction Patterns ◽

Hexagonal Arrays

The structure of Ta2O5 has been described in the literature in several different crystallographic forms with varying unit cell lattice parameters. Earlier studies on films of Ta2O5 produced by anodization of tantalum have revealed structural features which are not consistent with the parameters of “bulk” Ta2O5 crystalsFilms of Ta2O5 were prepared by anodizing a well-polished surface of pure tantalum sheet. The anodic films were floated off in distilled water, collected on grids, dried and directly examined in the electron microscope. In all cases the films were found to exhibit diffraction patterns representative of an amorphous structure. Using beam heating in the electron microscope, recrystallization of the amorphous films can be accomplished as shown in Fig. 1. As suggested by earlier work, the recrystallized regions exhibit diffraction patterns which consist of hexagonal arrays of main spots together with subsidiary rows of super lattice spots which develop as recrystallization progresses (Figs. 2a and b).

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Role of boundaries in the crystallization of amorphous films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100105199 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 626-627

Author(s):

D. A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Amorphous State ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Amorphous Films ◽

Island Nucleation ◽

Surface Steps ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Component Systems ◽

Temperature Deposition

The nucleation and growth processes which lead to the formation of a thin film are particularly amenable to investigation by transmission electron microscopy either in situ or subsequent to deposition. In situ studies have enabled the observation of island nucleation and growth, together with addition of atoms to surface steps. This paper is concerned with post-deposition crystallization of amorphous alloys. It will be argued that the processes occurring during low temperature deposition of one component systems are related but the evidence is mainly indirect. Amorphous films result when the deposition conditions such as low temperature or the presence of impurities (intentional or unintentional) preclude the atomic mobility necessary for crystallization. Representative examples of this behavior are CVD silicon grown below about 670°C, metalloids, such as antimony deposited at room temperature, binary alloys or compounds such as Cu-Ag or Cr O2, respectively. Elemental metals are not stable in the amorphous state.

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Structures and crystallization of vacuum-deposited amorphous Se and Sb films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100173832 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 140-141

Author(s):

Makoto Shiojiri ◽

Toshiyuki Isshiki ◽

Tetsuya Fudaba ◽

Yoshihiro Hirota

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Monte Carlo Method ◽

Computer Program ◽

Radial Distribution ◽

Film Formation ◽

Amorphous State ◽

Two Dimensional ◽

Amorphous Films ◽

Binding Condition

In hexagonal Se crystal each atom is covalently bound to two others to form an endless spiral chain, and in Sb crystal each atom to three others to form an extended puckered sheet. Such chains and sheets may be regarded as one- and two- dimensional molecules, respectively. In this paper we investigate the structures in amorphous state of these elements and the crystallization.HRTEM and ED images of vacuum-deposited amorphous Se and Sb films were taken with a JEM-200CX electron microscope (Cs=1.2 mm). The structure models of amorphous films were constructed on a computer by Monte Carlo method. Generated atoms were subsequently deposited on a space of 2 nm×2 nm as they fulfiled the binding condition, to form a film 5 nm thick (Fig. 1a-1c). An improvement on a previous computer program has been made as to realize the actual film formation. Radial distribution fuction (RDF) curves, ED intensities and HRTEM images for the constructed structure models were calculated, and compared with the observed ones.

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Interface motion during recrystallization of amorphous NiSi2

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100175752 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 524-525

Author(s):

J. L. Batstone ◽

D.A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Amorphous Film ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

Recrystallization Process ◽

Amorphous Films ◽

Interface Motion ◽

Si Substrates ◽

Spherical Caps ◽

Crystal Interfaces

Recrystallization of amorphous NiSi2 involves nucleation and growth processes which can be studied dynamically in the electron microscope. Previous studies have shown thatCoSi2 recrystallises by nucleating spherical caps which then grow with a constant radial velocity. Coalescence results in the formation of hyperbolic grain boundaries. Nucleation of the isostructural NiSi2 results in small, approximately round grains with very rough amorphous/crystal interfaces. In this paper we show that the morphology of the rccrystallizcd film is dramatically affected by variations in the stoichiometry of the amorphous film.Thin films of NiSi2 were prepared by c-bcam deposition of Ni and Si onto Si3N4, windows supported by Si substrates at room temperature. The base pressure prior to deposition was 6 × 107 torr. In order to investigate the effect of stoichiomctry on the recrystallization process, the Ni/Si ratio was varied in the range NiSi1.8-2.4. The composition of the amorphous films was determined by Rutherford Backscattering.

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Agreeableness, Conflict Resolution Tactics, and School Behavior in Second Graders

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000199 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 145-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daniel L. Gadke ◽

Renée M. Tobin ◽

W. Joel Schneider

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Problem Behaviors ◽

Second Graders ◽

Adaptive Behaviors ◽

Second Grade ◽

School Behavior ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

School Based ◽

Second Grade Students ◽

Negotiation Tactics

Abstract. This study examined the association between Agreeableness and children’s selection of conflict resolution tactics and their overt behaviors at school. A total of 157 second graders responded to a series of conflict resolution vignettes and were observed three times during physical education classes at school. We hypothesized that Agreeableness would be inversely related to the endorsement of power assertion tactics and to displays of problem behaviors, and positively related to the endorsement of negotiation tactics and to displays of adaptive behaviors. Consistent with hypotheses, Agreeableness was inversely related to power assertion tactics and to displays of off-task, disruptive, and verbally aggressive behaviors. There was no evidence that Agreeableness was related to more socially sophisticated responses to conflict, such as negotiation, with our sample of second grade students; however, it was related to displays of adaptive behaviors, specifically on-task behaviors. Limitations, including potential reactivity effects and the restriction of observational data collection to one school-based setting, are discussed. Future researchers are encouraged to collect data from multiple sources in more than one setting over time.

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