Fecal Streptococci: Indicators of Pollution

2009 ◽  
pp. 247-247-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
EM Clausen ◽  
BL Green ◽  
W Litsky
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Streptococci

Microbial Quality of Human Wastes and Treatment Plant Effluent

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kawamura ◽  
M. Kaneko
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Chlorination Process ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Human Wastes ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Spore Forming Bacteria

In order to evaluate the microbial quality of human wastes and effluents from treatment processes, the microbial flora of samples was examined. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were used as indicator micro-organisms, and Vibrio cholerae non O-1, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus and Welchii (Clostridium perfrigens) were selected as pathogenic organisms. Salmonella was detected in only the water samples from the night soil treatment plant, while Staphylococcus aureus was detected in the night soil and the samples from the night soil purification tanks. Vibrio cholerae non 0-1 was not detected in any samples, but Welchii existed in almost all samples. Generally, the density levels and distribution patterns of the indicator micro-organisms were similar to those in the raw wastewaters. The microbial flora was not changed remarkably after the primary sedimentation process and the biological treatment process. After the chlorination process, total colonies, spore-forming bacteria, Welchii, moulds and fecal streptococci could survive, and spore-forming bacteria formed the majority of the total colonies in the well-chlorinated effluents. Welchii at the level of 103/100 ml can be used as the indicator micro-organism to ensure a sanitary safe discharge, because it can survive at the level of 103−104/100 ml even if other indicators and pathogenic micro-organisms are inactivated completely by the chlorination process.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Swine Waste Treatment Systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 7813-7820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Jindal ◽  
Svetlana Kocherginskaya ◽  
Asma Mehboob ◽  
Matthew Robert ◽  
Roderick I. Mackie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Organic Farm ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance Genes ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

ABSTRACT Chlortetracycline and the macrolide tylosin were identified as commonly used antimicrobials for growth promotion and prophylaxis in swine production. Resistance to these antimicrobials was measured throughout the waste treatment processes at five swine farms by culture-based and molecular methods. Conventional farm samples had the highest levels of resistance with both culture-based and molecular methods and had similar levels of resistance despite differences in antimicrobial usage. The levels of resistance in organic farm samples, where no antimicrobials were used, were very low by a culture-based method targeting fecal streptococci. However, when the same samples were analyzed with a molecular method detecting methylation of a specific nucleotide in the 23S rRNA that results in resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B (MLSB), an unexpectedly high level of resistant rRNA (approximately 50%) was observed, suggesting that the fecal streptococci were not an appropriate target group to evaluate resistance in the overall microbial community and that background levels of MLSB resistance may be substantial. All of the feed samples tested, including those from the organic farm, contained tetracycline resistance genes. Generally, the same tetracycline resistance genes and frequency of detection were found in the manure and lagoon samples for each commercial farm. The levels of tetracycline and MLSB resistance remained high throughout the waste treatment systems, suggesting that the potential impact of land application of treated wastes and waste treatment by-products on environmental levels of resistance should be investigated further.

scholarly journals Fecal Streptococci in Frozen Foods

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-104
Author(s):  
Edward P. Larkin ◽  
Warren Litsky ◽  
James E. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Foods ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

scholarly journals Fecal Streptococci in Frozen Foods

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
Edward P. Larkin ◽  
Warren Litsky ◽  
James E. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Frozen Foods ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

scholarly journals Studies on Streptococci: I. Distribution of Fecal Streptococci in Man

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsugio Watanabe ◽  
Hirotaka Shimohashi ◽  
Yasuo Kawai ◽  
Masahiko Mutai
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Streptococci

Fecal streptococci recoveries in different marine areas

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Volterra ◽  
Lucia Bonadonna ◽  
FrancescaAnna Aulicino
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Marine Areas

A Bacteriological Survey of Raw Ground Beef1

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES F. FOSTER ◽  
JAMES L. FOWLER ◽  
WARREN C. LADIGES
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Retail Store ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

The microbiological quality of 150 units of raw ground beef obtained from a local retail store was determined. The range of aerobic plate counts was from 6.9 × 104 to 8.3 × 107/g. By using the most probable number method 96.7% of the 150 units were positive for coliforms, 94.7% for Escherichia coli and 61.3% for Staphylococcus aureus. By the plate methods, 99.3% of the units were positive for fecal streptococci and 56% were positive for Clostridium perfringens. No salmonellae were isolated. Aerobic and anaerobic organisms were isolated and identified. E. coli was the most frequently isolated aerobe followed by organisms in the Klebsiella-Enterobacter group. Among the anaerobic isolates, C. perfringens was the organism most frequently encountered.

Growth of Bacteria in Soy-Extended Ground Beef Stored at Three Temperatures

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 699-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. DRAUGHON ◽  
C. C. MELTON ◽  
J. B. STANSBURY
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
C Protein ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of five separate levels of textured soy protein (TSP) on growth of psychrotrophs, mesophiles, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus, and fecal streptococci in soy-extended ground beef stored at −16°, 0° and 6°C. Highly significant increases in psychrotroph and mesophile counts accompanied increased levels of soy at 0° and 6°C, but not at −16°C. Soy-extended beef samples containing 20 and 40% TSP spoiled one day faster at 6°C and four days sooner at 0°C than non-extended ground beef. No significant differences in coliform, fecal streptococci or S. aureus counts could be attributed to increasing levels of TSP in extended ground beef at −16°, 0° or 6°C. Protein content did not vary significantly with TSP concentration; however, fat decreased as soy level increased. Moisture and carbohydrate-ash content increased significantly as soy level increased, as did pH which reached a maximum of 6.5.

Comparison of selective media for the enumeration and identification of fecal streptococci from natural sources

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1320-1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Pagel ◽  
G. M. Hardy
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Streptococcus Bovis ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
High Background ◽  
Membrane Filters ◽  
Fecal Streptococci ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Esculin Hydrolysis ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Lower Recovery

Five media and procedures were compared for their recovery of fecal streptococci on membrane filters. Growth and numbers of a variety of pure cultures were compared, and recoveries from raw sewage and sewage effluent were determined on the five media. A total of 512 isolates were identified and the specificity of each medium was determined from these results. While KF agar recovered significantly higher numbers of organisms, only 81% of the positive colonies were fecal streptococci. Slanetz and Bartley (SB) medium showed similarly low specificity and the mE procedure gave low recoveries. Best overall results were obtained on mEnterococcus (mEnt) agar with high (91%) specificity for enterococci, and very good recovery efficiency with low background counts. This medium was also the only one demonstrating any appreciable recovery of other fecal streptococci with 93% of the background colonies being confirmed as fecal streptococci of which most were Streptococcus bovis, S. equinus, or S. salivarius. Pfizer selective enterococcus (PSE) agar was second in overall performance with a high (94%) rate of specificity but this medium had lower recovery efficiency and high background counts. Performance of PSE agar could be considerably improved, without impairing specificity, by using a total count disregarding esculin hydrolysis.

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