Anomalous Behavior of Water Vapor Retarders Applied to Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam Insulation on Low-Temperature Outdoor Storage Tanks

2008 ◽  
pp. 463-463-12
Author(s):  
V Batdorf
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Storage Tanks

Popcorn-like aluminum-based powders for instant low-temperature water vapor hydrogen generation

2020 ◽  
pp. 100602
Author(s):  
Xinren Chen ◽  
Cuiping Wang ◽  
Yuheng Liu ◽  
Yansong Shen ◽  
Qijun Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Temperature Water

scholarly journals Rolling membrane powered by low-temperature steam as a new approach to generate mechanical energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongshan Yin ◽  
Qicheng Liu ◽  
Qing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Human Society ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Low Grade Heat

Abstract How to convert heat energy into other forms of usable energy more efficiently is always crucial for our human society. In traditional heat engines, such as the steam engine and the internal combustion engine, high-grade heat energy can be easily converted into mechanical energy, while a large amount of low-grade heat energy is usually wasted owing to its disadvantage in the temperature level. In this work, for the first time, the generation of mechanical energy from both high- and low-temperature steam is implemented by a hydrophilic polymer membrane. When exposed to water vapor with a temperature ranging from 50 to 100 °C, the membrane repeats rolling from one side to another. In nature, this continuously rolling of membrane is powered by the steam, like a miniaturized “steam engine”. The differential concentration of water vapor (steam) on the two sides of the membrane generates the asymmetric swelling, the curve, and the rolling of the membrane. In particular, results suggest that this membrane based “steam engine” can be powered by the steam with a relatively very low temperature of 50 °C, which indicates a new approach to make use of both the high- and low-temperature heat energy.

scholarly journals Evaluation of radiosonde humidity sensors at low temperature using ultralow-temperature humidity chamber

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Il Choi ◽  
Sang-Wook Lee ◽  
Sang-Bong Woo ◽  
Jong Chul Kim ◽  
Yong-Gyoo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Humidity Sensors ◽  
Ultralow Temperature ◽  
Humidity Chamber ◽  
Sensing Characteristics

Abstract. Accurate measurements of temperature and water vapor in the upper-air are of great interest in relation to weather prediction and climate change. Those measurements are mostly conducted using radiosondes equipped with a variety of sensors that are flown by a balloon up to lower stratosphere. Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) has identified water vapor pressure as one of the most important measurands and has set an accuracy requirement of 2 % in terms of the mixing ratio. In order to achieve the requirement, many errors in the humidity measurement such as a temperature dependency in sensing characteristics including measurement values and response time need to be corrected because humidity sensors of radiosondes pass through low-pressure (1 kPa) and low-temperature (−80 ∘C) environments in the upper-air. In this paper, the humidity sensing characteristics of Jinyang radiosonde sensors in relation to temperature dependencies were evaluated at low temperature using a newly developed ultralow-temperature humidity chamber. The sensitivity characteristic curve of the radiosonde sensors was evaluated down to −80 ∘C, and the calibration curves of the humidity sensor and the temperature sensor were obtained. The response time of humidity sensor slowly increased from 52 to 116 s at the temperature from 20 to −40 ∘C, respectively, and then rapidly increased to almost one hour at −80 ∘C. Those results will help to improve the reliability of the upper-air observation data.

Processing of Stoichiometric and Ti Doped LiNbO3 Films with Preferred Orientation from Metal Alkoxides

1990 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hirano ◽  
K. Kikuta ◽  
K. Kato
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Metal Alkoxides ◽  
Sapphire Substrates ◽  
Vapor Stream ◽  
Low Temperature Crystallization ◽  
Temperature Crystallization

ABSTRACTStoichiometric and Ti-doped LiNbO3 films could be synthesized by the organometallic route. The films were epitaxially crystallized at temperatures around 400°C on sapphire substrates. The reaction control of alkoxides in solvent was found to be very critical for adjusting the stoichiometry and the low temperature crystallization, as well as the crystallization in water vapor stream.

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