Performance of the Colilert Presence/Absence Test Compared to Membrane Filtration Method for Coliform Analysis of Potable Water Samples

2009 ◽  
pp. 455-455-8
Author(s):  
JL Beebe ◽  
JK Kelley ◽  
RL Crooks ◽  
RL Cada
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Filtration Method

An Improved Membrane Filtration Method for Enumeration of Faecal Coliforms and E. Coli by a Fluorogenic β-Glucuronidase Assay

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Augoustinos ◽  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
B. Genthe ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Glucuronidase Assay

A fluorogenic β-glucuronidase assay comprising membrane filtration followed by selective enumeration on m-FC agar at 44.5°C and further confirmation using tlie 4-metliylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) containing medium was evaluated for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. A total of 200 typical blue and non-typical blue colonies were isolated from sea and fresh water samples using initial selective enumeration on m-FC agar. Pure cultures of the selected colonies were further tested using the MUG assay and identified using the API 20E method. Of the colonies tested which were shown to be positive using the MUG assay 99.4% were Escherichia coli. The results of this study indicate the combination of the m-FC method followed by the MUG assay to be highly efficient for the selection and confirmation of E. coli from a wide range of environmental waters.

scholarly journals Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Assemblages/ Species and Their Viability in Potable Tap Water in Beni-Suef, Egypt Using Nested PCR/RFLP and Staining

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa HAMDY ◽  
Ayman El-BADRY ◽  
Wegdan ABD EL WAHAB
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Blue Stain

Background: The protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium are responsible for most water-borne diseases all over the world. The extent and number of outbreaks of waterborne diseases suggests a significant risk of their potential transmission via drinking water. This study aimed to document the prevalence and viability of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts in tap water samples in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt and to detect the predominant Giardia and Cryptosporidium assemblages/species using nested PCR/ Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) confirmed by further sequencing of positive samples. Methods: A total of 80 tap water samples were collected throughout a year from four big centers and filtered using the membrane filtration method. Samples were stained by Lugol’s iodine, Modified Zeihl-Neelsen (MZN) (to detect prevalence) and trypan blue stain (to detect viability). Nested PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used for molecular characterizations and genotyping of the detected Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Results: Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA was detected in 20 (25%) and 29 (36.3%) samples respectively, with predominance of Giardia assemblage B (85%) and C. hominis (75.9%). The prevalence and viability of both parasites (oo) cysts showed seasonality which peaked in summer and were greater in Beba center and in rural areas. Conclusion: To our knowledge, no studies have been done in these areas before. The anthroponotic transmission has an important role in giardiasis and crypto­sporidiosis epidemiology in this studied area.

scholarly journals PERSISTENCE OF TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS AND Pseudomonas aeruginosa IN IN NATURA WATER SAMPLES FROM RIVERS THAT SUPPLY A WATER TREATMENT STATION IN CURITIBA, BRAZIL

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (70/72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Paul Freitas ◽  
Marita Maciel Moreira Laskowski ◽  
Carlos Roberto Dalke ◽  
Patricia do Rocio Dalzoto ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Treatment Station ◽  
Iguaçu River

An unknown parcel of the planet water is contaminated by chemical and/or biological agents. Human and other animals excreta have been associated to many infectious diseases that can be disseminated through contaminated water. Enteric bacteria and other pathogens can cause gastroenteritis, cholera, systemic infections, among others. Once in the environment, these microorganisms can persist for large periods of time and under certain conditions can even replicate, increasing their number. This paper aimed the research and evaluation of survival rates for total coliforms, fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in natura water samples from Passaúna and Iraí barrages and Iguaçú River, in Curitiba, Paraná. Colimetric analysis of water samples were performed by the membrane filtration method 64 Freitas MP, Blaskowski MMM, Dalke CR, Dalzoto PR, Pimentel IC. Estud and P. aeruginosa research was assayed using the multiple tubes method in Asparagin and Acetamyde Broth. Confirmatory tests such as catalase presence, citocrome oxidase test and pigment P (pyocyanin) production were also performed. It was observed the occurrence of total coliforms in water samples from Iguaçú River for approximately 50 days, while in Iraí and Passaúna barrages, the periods were 35 and 14 days, respectively. Fecal coliforms were found for about 35 days in samples from Iguaçú River and Iraí barrage, while in Passaúna barrage only for 14 days. P. aeruginosa persisted for approximately 63 days in all the water samples assayed. The higher persistence rate observed in P. aeruginosa can be related to an antagonism towards total and fecal coliforms, which had their populations decreased.

scholarly journals Microbial wash water quality on dairy farms from Galicia (NW Spain)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2214-2221
Author(s):  
F. J. Saavedra ◽  
E. Yus ◽  
F. J. Diéguez
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological quality of wash water used in dairy farms from Galicia (NW Spain) based on the total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci counts. The paper aimed to identify geographical areas that are at a high risk for bacterial contamination of wash water and to study the temporal distribution of positive samples. Water samples from 120 farms, whose water supply came from a private well, were tested for the presence of the three mentioned bacterial groups by the membrane filtration method. To investigate whether the presence of positive herds for a particular bacterial group in water samples was higher in some areas or during a specific time period, data were tested using the Bernoulli model. In farms without a purification system, the prevalence of positive samples for total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci was 36.7%, 13.3% and 24.5%, respectively. In farms using hydrogen peroxide, these figures were 15.4%, 7.7% and 7.7%, respectively. In farms using chlorine or ultraviolet radiation all the samples were negative for the three bacterial groups. The spatial analysis identified one statistically significant spatial cluster of herds with positive samples of faecal streptococci in an area characterized by a high cattle density. Moreover, one most likely temporal cluster was identified for each of the three groups between July and August 2017, which were the driest months in the studied area.

scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Effect of Nymphaea lotus (Linn) Extracts on Enteric Bacteria Isolated from River Ogbese, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-87
Author(s):  
O. J. Adenola ◽  
A. O. Olalemi ◽  
A. O. Ogundare
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Filtration Method

The increase in multidrug resistance pathogenic bacteria and decrease in efficiency of existing antibiotics is a serious global health concern which call for development of new alternative medicine and continuous research for new classes of antimicrobial agents that can be effective in destroying these multidrug resistant pathogens without or with minimal side effect and at an affordable cost. N. lotus has been reported to possess some amount of phytochemicals such as phenols, tannins, saponins, steroids, proanthocyanidins and flavanols which may serve as an effective antimicrobial agent. This study was aimed at determining the antibacterial effect of Nymphaea lotus (Linn) extracts on enteric bacteria isolated from River Ogbese, Nigeria. Water samples were collected every week for a period of sixteen (16) weeks aseptically and transported to the laboratory for microbiological and physicochemical examinations; enteric bacteria were isolated from the water samples using membrane filtration method. Bioactive components of N. lotus were extracted using Ethanol, water and N-Hexane solvents. In-vitro antibacterial effect of N. lotus extracts was assayed using agar well diffusion technique. Results showed Shigella and faecal coliforms had the highest occurrence in the water samples at (30.19%) followed by Salmonella (20.76%) and Escherichia coli (18.87%). Physicochemical characteristics of water samples from River Ogbese showed that water temperature ranged from 22.00 to 28.10 ℃, turbidity ranged from 2.00 to 33.80 NTU and phosphate ranged from 5.45 to 68.57 mg/L respectively. Whilst the isolates had the highest total percentage resistance to Augmentin at 20.03 %, ethanol extract of N. lotus exhibited the highest mean zone of inhibition of 24.67±0.67 mm against the isolates at 100 mg/mL respectively. The findings from this study suggest N. lotus extracts to be effective in the treatment of enteric infections that may occur as a result of consumption or contact with faecal impacted water.

scholarly journals BCIG-SMAC medium and PMA-qPCR for differential detection of viable Escherichia coli in potable water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rehan Deshmukh ◽  
Sunil Bhand ◽  
Utpal Roy
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Differential Detection ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water

Background and Objectives: Public health protection requires timely evaluation of pathogens in potable water to minimize outbreaks caused by microbial contaminations. The present study was aimed at assessing the microbiological quality of water obtained from Shantinagar (a rural area in the South Goa region of Goa, India) using 5-Bromo-4-Chloro-3-Indoxyl β-D-glu- curonide-Sorbitol MacConkey agar (BCIG-SMAC) medium and, propidium monoazide-quantitative polymerase chain reac- tion (PMA-qPCR) assay for differential detection and quantification of viable Escherichia coli cells in water samples. Materials and Methods: Membrane filtration method was used for both BCIG-SMAC medium and PMA-qPCR methods. To determine the efficiency of detection of viable cells, we first evaluated the PMA treatment protocol and established the standard calibration curves using previously reported primers. Results: PMA-qPCR detected as low as 7 femtograms of DNA of E. coli per qPCR reaction whereas the limit of detection (LOD) of BCIG-SMAC medium was 1.8 CFU/100mL. A total of 71 water samples spanning 2017-2018 have been analyzed using BCIG-SMAC medium and PMA-qPCR, of which 95.77% (68/71) and 7.04% (5/71) were found to be total E. coli and E. coli O157:H7, respectively. PMA-qPCR study showed the viable counts of total viable E. coli cells ranging from 3CFU/100mL to 8.2×102 CFU/100mL. The total E. coli CFU/100mL quantified by PMA-qPCR significantly exceeded (paired t-test; P<0.05) the number on BCIG-SMAC medium. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the microbiological quality of environmental water samples analyzed do not comply with the regulatory standard. Therefore, special attention is warranted to improve the overall portable quality of water in the perspective of public health.

scholarly journals High rate of drinking water contamination due to poor storage in squatter settlements in Mwanza, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha F. Mushi ◽  
Oswald E. Mpelasoka ◽  
Humphrey D. Mazigo ◽  
Laura McLeod ◽  
Nyambura Moremi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Squatter Settlements ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Drinking Water Samples

Background: Drinking water of acceptable quality is supposed to be free from faecal coliform and chemical substances that may be hazardous to human health. Water treatment and safe storage at the household level has been advocated as effective means of ensuring safe drinking water. This study was undertaken to determine the microbiological quality of the drinking water at household level in the squatter settlements in the city of Mwanza, Tanzania.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2014 and September 2014.  A total of 15 randomly selected water sources (tap) and 207 households’ drinking water samples from these sources were studied to ascertain level of water contamination using Membrane Filtration Method. Pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect demographic and other data regarding water treatment and storage.  Data were entered, cleaned and analysed using STATA Version 11.Results:  All 15 samples from tap used as water sources were found to be free of indicator organism (Escherichia coli) while 109 (52.66%) of drinking water samples from 207 households were found to be contaminated with E. coli.  All contaminated drinking water samples were from containers with no cover and spigot. Conclusions: There is a significant level of deterioration of water quality from the source to the drinking cup. Efforts to ensure quality storage methods for drinking water should be addressed at household level.

A Most Probable Number Method for the Enumeration of Legionella Bacteria in Water

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
R. Kfir ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Comparative Tests ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Direct Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Yeast Extract Agar

A new quantitative method for the enumeration of Legionella bacteria in water is described. Appropriate tenfold serial dilutions of water samples concentrated by membrane filtration are plated in triplicate on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. After incubation for 3 days representative smears from individual plates are tested for the presence of Legionella by direct fluorescent antibody staining. The number of positive plates in each dilution is used to calculate the Legionella count by means of conventional most probable number statistics. In comparative tests on a variety of water samples this method yielded significantly higher counts than previously used procedures.

scholarly journals A peep into the state of ground water quality in the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India, from a radiological and chemical toxicity perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Durai Ganesh ◽  
G. Senthilkumar ◽  
P. Eswaran ◽  
M. Balakrishnan ◽  
S. N. Bramha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Uranium Concentration ◽  
The State ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Ground Water Quality ◽  
Led Fluorimeter

AbstractUranium concentration in the ground water samples from the district of Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, was measured using an LED fluorimeter. All the samples were qualified as potable water from the radiological perspective. Though some samples showed mild chemical toxicity, they are still safe for ingestion. Different risk coefficients were calculated, and they were compared with recommended safety limits specified by various agencies. Software tools such as QGIS 15, GraphPad Prism 8 and Surfer 15 were employed for developing maps and plots.

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