Studies on Ameliorating the Effects of an Acidic River on the Atlantic Salmon

2009 ◽  
pp. 251-251-9
Author(s):  
HC Freeman ◽  
GB Sangalang ◽  
L Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Acidic River

Effects of Diet or Liming on Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Reproduction in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Held in an Acidic River

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2422-2430 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Sangalang ◽  
H. C. Freeman ◽  
J. F. Uthe ◽  
L. S. Sperry
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Hormone Metabolism ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Acidic River

Attempts to avert the impacts of an acidic river environment on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were carried out in 1985 and 1986. Salmon were held in the Westfield River (pH 4.7–5.2) and the nearby Medway River (pH 5.3–5.6) during their sexual maturation. A diet containing 3% NaCl was fed to the Westfield salmon in 1985. Marble chips were used to elevate the pH of Westfield River water in 1986. Fish fed the salt diet had higher peak levels of plasma sex hormones, higher fecundity, greater incidence of spawners, lower egg mortality, and less weight loss than fish fed a commercial trout diet. The reproductive performance of fish held in limed water (pH 5.1–5.9) almost attained the level observed in the Medway (control) fish. Limestone treatment stimulated early peaking of blood androgen levels, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone in Westfield males, and 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, a follicular mediator of gonadotropin, in a few Westfield females. The head kidneys produced more cortisol and corticosterone in all Westfield fish in both years compared to Medway fish. The results suggest that neither dietary salt nor liming completely prevented the decline of reproductive performance and the alteration of steroid hormone metabolism in salmon.

Production of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in Two Acidic Rivers of Nova Scotia

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 2003-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gilles L. Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
The North ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Acidic River

Densities, growth, and production of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were estimated at sites in two acidic rivers of different pH, the Westfield and North rivers, in Nova Scotia, Canada, from 1982 to 1984. Annual production was significantly lower in the more acidic Westfield River (< 0.4 g∙m−2∙yr−1 at pH 4.7–5.4) than in the North River (1.4 g∙m−2∙yr−1 at pH 5.6–6.3). Low production rates in the more acidic river were attributable to the lower densities and poorer survival of juveniles at the lower pH levels. Low densities of parr in the more acidic river were a function of the high initial mortality of postemergent fry, and the mortality of parr during periods of pH minima such as over winter. Marking and recapture information and trapping at a weir for counting migrating fishes indicated that there was little emigration of parr other than in the spring when some movements occurred preceding and during smoltification. Average potential yield of 2-yr smolts was 0.8 smolt/100 m2 in the Westfield River and in the range of 2.7–6.6 smolts/100 m2 at higher pH levels in the North River. Growth was not limiting to production at the lower pH levels. After the first winter, 1-yr-old parr were much larger at the lower pH than they were at less acidic pH levels, the faster growth possibly resulting from the lower density of parr at the lowest pH. A temperature-related biphasic growth of 1-yr-old parr with periods of maximum growth in spring and autumn was recorded. Reduced production, a result of deleterious effects of low pH on survival and density in the Westfield River was probably sufficient to prevent the continued maintenance of a naturally produced salmon population in that river, whereas production at higher pH levels in the North River was comparable to that in near-neutral waters of other areas.

Limestone Slurry Reduces Physiological Stress and Increases Survival of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) in an Acidic Norwegian River

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 1888-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. O. Rosseland ◽  
O. K. Skogheim ◽  
H. Abrahamsen ◽  
D. Matzow
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Southern Norway ◽  
Acidic River

Smolts of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were exposed for 70 h in the acidic River Vaaraana, southern Norway (Q = 1.3 m3/s, pH = 4.4–5.6, Ca = 0.6–1.5 mg/L, labile Al = 50–100 μg/L), to waters neutralized by addition of limestone slurry. Chemical and biological parameters were measured upstream of the liming site and 20, 100, 1000, 2000, and 3500 m downstream. Addition of limestone slurry effectively increased pH from 4.6 to 6.9, Ca from 0.6 to 2.6 mg/L, and reduced the labile Al concentration from 59 to 35 μg/L immediately downstream of the liming site (20 m, after 30 s). In the untreated upstream waters, salmon smolts lost plasma Cl rapidly, and all fish died within 36 h. In spite of the slight oversaturation of labile Al immediately downstream of the base addition, no mortality occurred in neutralized waters. Relatively high Ca concentrations may have mitigated potential toxic effects from Al oversaturation. Plasma Cl levels did not vary with distance downstream. Detoxification of running waters with highly toxic levels of pH and Al can successfully be performed by addition of limestone slurry.

Water quality requirements of smolting Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in limed acid rivers

1999 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2078-2086 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frode Kroglund ◽  
Magne Staurnes
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Acidic Water ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Quality Requirements ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Seawater Tolerance ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Acidic River

Groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts were held 1-13 days in soft water with a pH range of 5.0-6.6, concentrations of labile inorganic monomeric Al (Ali) of 10-90 µg·L-1, and 0.7-2.3 mg Ca·L-1. Fish were exposed to either naturally acidic water from a river in southwestern Norway, limed water from the same river, mixtures of acidic and limed river water, acidic river water with sulfuric acid and Al added, or limed river water with additional lime. Mortality was observed in all groups exposed to water with pH < 5.8 and containing 30-90 µg Ali·L-1. No fish died in water with pH > 5.8 and 15-20 µg Ali·L-1, but fish in water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower plasma Cl- concentration and gill Na+,K+-ATPase activity than fish in water with pH > 6.5. Smolts exposed to pH < 5.8 were unable to survive in seawater, and smolts exposed to water with pH 5.8-6.2 had lower hypoosmoregulatory capacity than smolts exposed to water with pH > 6.5. These results show that even moderately acidified water with low Al concentrations impairs smoltification and reduces the seawater tolerance of Atlantic salmon smolts.

Aluminium in acidic river water causes mortality of farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) in Norwegian fjords

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 169-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilhelm Bjerknes ◽  
Inger Fyllingen ◽  
Lisbet Holtet ◽  
Hans Chr. Teien ◽  
Bjørn O. Rosseland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
River Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Acidic River

Microstructure and texture of fresh and smoked Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fillets from fish reared and slaughtered under different conditions

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjofn Sigurgisladottir ◽  
Margret S. Sigurdardottir ◽  
Helga Ingvarsdottir ◽  
Ole J. Torrissen ◽  
Hannes Hafsteinsson
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Marine mammals are natural hosts of Oceanivirga salmonicida, a bacterial pathogen of Atlantic salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
R Palmer ◽  
GTA Fleming ◽  
S Glaeser ◽  
T Semmler ◽  
A Flamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Marine Mammals ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Common Dolphin ◽  
Stenella Coeruleoalba ◽  
Striped Dolphin ◽  
Natural Hosts

During 1992 and 1993, a bacterial disease occurred in a seawater Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farm, causing serious mortalities. The causative agent was subsequently named as Oceanivirga salmonicida, a member of the Leptotrichiaceae. Searches of 16S rRNA gene sequence databases have shown sequence similarities between O. salmonicida and uncultured bacterial clones from the digestive tracts of marine mammals. In the current study, oral samples were taken from stranded dolphins (common dolphin Delphinus delphis, striped dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba) and healthy harbour seals Phoca vitulina. A bacterium with growth characteristics consistent with O. salmonicida was isolated from a common dolphin. The isolate was confirmed as O. salmonicida, by comparisons to the type strain, using 16S rRNA gene, gyrB, groEL, and recA sequence analyses, average nucleotide identity analysis, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Metagenomic analysis indicated that the genus Oceanivirga represented a significant component of the oral bacterial microbiomes of the dolphins and seals. However, sequences consistent with O. salmonicida were only found in the dolphin samples. Analyses of marine mammal microbiome studies in the NCBI databases showed sequences consistent with O. salmonicida from the common dolphin, striped dolphin, bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus, humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, and harbour seal. Sequences from marine environmental studies in the NCBI databases showed no sequences consistent with O. salmonicida. The findings suggest that several species of marine mammals are natural hosts of O. salmonicida.

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