scholarly journals Solar concentrators manufacture and automation

Open Physics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Ernst Kussul ◽  
Tetyana Baydyk ◽  
Alberto Escalante Estrada ◽  
Maria Teresa Rodríguez González ◽  
Donald Wunsch II
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Automated Technology ◽  
Parabolic Dish ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Energy Plants

Abstract Solar energy is one of the most promising types of renewable energy. Flat facet solar concentrators were proposed to decrease the cost of materials needed for production. They used small flat mirrors for approximation of parabolic dish surface. The first prototype of flat facet solar concentrators was made in Australia in 1982. Later various prototypes of flat facet solar concentrators were proposed. It was shown that the cost of materials for these prototypes is much lower than the material cost of conventional parabolic dish solar concentrators. To obtain the overall low cost of flat facet concentrators it is necessary to develop fully automated technology of manufacturing and assembling processes. Unfortunately, the design of known flat facet concentrators is too complex for automation process. At present we develop the automatic manufacturing and assembling system for flat facet solar concentrators. For this purpose, we propose the design of flat facet solar concentrator that is convenient for automatization. We describe this design in the paper. At present, almost all solar-energy plants in the world occupy specific areas that are not used for agricultural production. This leads to a competition between the solar-energy plants and agriculture production systems. To avoid this competition, it is possible to co-locate solar-energy devices in agricultural fields. The energy obtained via such co-location can be used for agricultural needs (e.g., water extraction for irrigation) and other purposes (e.g., sent to an electrical grid). In this study, we also describe the results of an investigation on co-location methods for the minimal loss of agricultural harvest too.

Solar Concentrators

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Bekhruzi Talbi Shokhzoda ◽  
Mikhail Georgievich Tyagunov
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Cell Area ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Solar Concentrators ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

Looking at the history of solar energy and renewable energy in general, the authorities and scientists have been paying much attention to the recent period, due to the depletion of fossil energy resources and the growing difficulties in solving environmental problems. The development of solar energy has led to the use of solar energy concentrators. Concentrators are used to concentrate sunlight onto PV cells. This allows for a reduction in the cell area required for producing a given amount of power. The goal is to significantly reduce the cost of electricity generated by replacing expensive PV converter area with less expensive optical material. In this chapter, the authors talk about concentrators in solar energy, especially about modules based on holographic films. Holographic solar panels (HSP) in recent decades have appeared in large-scale production and been actively used in solar energy. Evaluations of other types of existing concentrators are presented.

Optimization of the Design of Hydrogen Production Systems Based on Product Cost

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelhamid Mraoui ◽  
Abdallah Khellaf
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Power Ratio ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pv Generator ◽  
Practical Constraints

Abstract In this work, the design of a hydrogen production system was optimized for Algiers in Algeria. The system produces hydrogen by electrolysis using a photovoltaic (PV) generator as a source of electricity. All the elements of the system have been modeled to take into account practical constraints. The cost of producing hydrogen has been minimized by varying the total power of the photovoltaic generator. An optimal ratio between the peak power of the PV array and the nominal power of the electrolyzer was determined. Photovoltaic module technology has been varied using a large database of electrical characteristics. It was noted that PV technology does not have a very significant impact on cost. The minimum cost is around 0.44$/N m3, and the power ratio in this case is 1.45. This results in a cost reduction of around 12% compared to a unit ratio. The power ratio and cost are linearly dependent. Only a small number of technologies give a relatively low cost of about 0.35$/N m3. These generators are interesting; however, we assumed an initial cost of $2.00/Wp for all technologies. In addition, it was noted that it is possible to increase hydrogen production by 10% by increasing the power of the photovoltaic generator, the extra cost in this case will only be 0.1%.

Solar Energy Development in Japan

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-261
Author(s):  
Takashi Horigome ◽  
Hiroshi Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
New Energy ◽  
The Cost

Solar energy development at the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is concerned with reducing the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems by promoting low cost, high efficiency solar cell manufacturing technology and photovoltaic system demonstations. The first involves reducing the cost of solar cell modules by producing better silicon materials and improving fabrication techniques. A number of demonstration systems are in operation.

Application of Polymer Plaster Composites in Additive Manufacturing of High-Strength Components

2015 ◽  
Vol 825-826 ◽  
pp. 763-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Junk ◽  
Rebecca Matt
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Testing Specimen ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Infiltration Technique ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost

Today, 3D-printing with polymer plaster composites is a common method in Additive Manufacturing. This technique has proven to be especially suitable for the production of presentation models, due to the low cost of materials and the possibility to produce color-models. But nowadays it requires refinishing through the manual application of a layer of resin. However, the strength of these printed components is very limited, as the applied resin only penetrates a thin edge layer on the surface. This paper develops a new infiltration technique that allows for a significant increase in the strength of the 3D-printed component. For this process, the components are first dehydrated in a controlled two-tier procedure, before they are then penetrated with high-strength resin. The infiltrate used in this process differs significantly from materials traditionally used for infiltration. The result is an almost complete penetration of the components with high-strength infiltrate. As the whole process is computer-integrated, the results are also easier to reproduce, compared to manual infiltration. On the basis of extensive material testing with different testing specimen and testing methods, it can be demonstrated that a significant increase in strength and hardness can be achieved. Finally, this paper also considers the cost and energy consumption of this new infiltration method. As a result of this new technology, the scope of applicability of 3D-printing can be extended to cases that require significantly more strength, like the production of tools for the shaping of metals or used for the molding of plastics. Furthermore, both the process itself and the parameters used are monitored and can be optimized to individual requirements and different fields of application.

scholarly journals Automated Low-Cost LED-Based Sun Photometer for City Scale Distributed Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4585
Author(s):  
Cristobal Garrido ◽  
Felipe Toledo ◽  
Marcos Diaz ◽  
Roberto Rondanelli
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Calibration Transfer ◽  
Calibration Uncertainty ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Sun Photometer ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Lower Temporal Resolution

We propose a monochromatic low-cost automatic sun photometer (LoCo-ASP) to perform distributed aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements at the city scale. This kind of network could fill the gap between current automatic ground instruments—with good temporal resolution and accuracy, but few devices per city and satellite products—with global coverage, but lower temporal resolution and accuracy-. As a first approach, we consider a single equivalent wavelength around 408 nm. The cost of materials for the instrument is around 220 dollars. Moreover, we propose a calibration transfer for a pattern instrument, and estimate the uncertainties for several units and due to the internal differences and the calibration process. We achieve a max MAE of 0.026 for 38 sensors at 408 nm compared with AERONET Cimel; a mean standard deviation of 0.0062 among our entire sensor for measurement and a calibration uncertainty of 0.01. Finally, we perform city-scale measurements to show the dynamics of AOD. Our instrument can measure unsupervised, with an expected error for AOD between 0.02 and 0.03.

scholarly journals OTIMIZAÇÃO DE CÉLULAS FOTOVOLTAICAS ORGÂNICAS

e-xacta ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Silva ◽  
Allan Douglas Martins ◽  
Camila C. S. Braga ◽  
Carolina Cardoso Franco ◽  
Dyeice Amélia Sales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Nanocrystalline Titanium ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High ◽  
Energy Converting

<p align="justify">Com a previsível escassez dos recursos energéticos, as preocupações com as questões ambientais se tornam cada vez mais evidentes. Com isso, houve um incremento na busca de recursos alternativos para a produção de energia elétrica, principalmente aqueles baseados em fontes limpas e renováveis, como a energia solar. Para a conversão de energia solar em energia elétrica são utilizadas, na maioria das vezes, células solares fotovoltaicas, que se baseiam na propriedade semicondutora de silício. Como o custo dessa tecnologia ainda é muito alto, são propostos novos materiais para a substituição desse cristal, com destaque para a célula solar nanocristalina de dióxido de titânio (TiO2), acrescida de moléculas orgânicas de corantes. Essa célula apresenta vantagens em relação às células convencionais de silício, pois, na sua fabricação, são utilizados materiais disponíveis no mercado e corantes extraídos de plantas, modelo proposto por Gratzël, além de ser preparada através de processos simples e não poluentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é recriar as células solares nanocristalinas de dióxido de titânio, otimizando-a para a utilização de materiais com baixo custo, de modo que se obtenha a maior eficiência energética possível.</p><p align="justify">Abstract</p><p align="justify">With the expected shortage of energy resources, the concerns about environmental issues are becoming increasingly evident. Thus, there was an increase in search for alternative resources for energy production power, especially those based on clean sources and renewable energies such as solar energy. Converting solar energy into electrical energy, in most cases, solar cells photovoltaics, which based on property semiconductor silicon are used. As the cost of this technology is still very high, new materials are proposed for substitution this crystal, with emphasis on the cell nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) solar plus molecules organic dyes. This cell has advantages compared to conventional silicon cells, because in his manufacturing, available materials are used in the market and extracted dyes from plants, the model proposed its by Grätzel, besides being prepared through Simple and clean process. The goal of this essay is to recreate the nanocrystalline solar cells titanium dioxide, optimizing it to the use of materials with low cost, so as to obtain the energy efficient as possible.</p>

scholarly journals Cost/Performance Tradeoffs for Reflectors Used in Solar Concentrating Dish Systems

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Andraka
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Thermodynamic Cycle ◽  
Heat Absorber ◽  
Receiver System ◽  
Parabolic Dish ◽  
Slope Error ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Normally Distributed

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) dish systems use a parabolic dish to concentrate sunlight, providing heat for a thermodynamic cycle to generate shaft power and ultimately, electricity. Currently, leading contenders use a Stirling cycle engine with a heat absorber surface at about 800°C. The concentrated light passes through an aperture, which controls the thermal losses of the receiver system. Similar systems may use the concentrated light to heat a thermochemical process. The concentrator system, typically steel and glass, provides a source of fuel over the service life of the system, but this source of fuel manifests as a capital cost up front. Therefore, it is imperative that the cost of the reflector assembly is minimized. However, dish systems typically concentrate light to a peak of as much as 13,000 suns, with an average geometric concentration ratio of over 3000 suns. Several recent dish-Stirling systems have incorporated reflector facets with a normally-distributed surface slope error (local distributed waviness) of 0.8 mrad RMS (1-sigma error). As systems move toward commercialization, the cost of these highly accurate facets must be assessed. However, when considering lower-cost options, any decrease in the performance of the facets must be considered in the evaluation of such facets. In this paper, I investigate the impact of randomly-distributed slope errors on the performance, and therefore the value, of a typical dish-Stirling system. There are many potential sources of error in a concentrating system. When considering facet options, the surface waviness, characterized as a normally-distributed slope error, has the greatest impact on the aperture size and therefore the thermal losses. I develop an optical model and a thermal model for the performance of a baseline system. I then analyze the impact on system performance for a range of mirror quality, and evaluate the impact of such performance changes on the economic value of the system. This approach can be used to guide the evaluation of low-cost facets that differ in performance and cost. The methodology and results are applicable to other point- and line-focus thermal systems including dish-Brayton, dish-Thermochemical, tower systems, and troughs.

A Strong, Low-Cost Mount for Parabolic Dish Solar Collectors

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209
Author(s):  
C. Cordy
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Polar Axis ◽  
Gear Train ◽  
Large Radius ◽  
Structural Members ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Parabolic Dish ◽  
Solar Energy Concentrator ◽  
High Winds

This paper presents the design of a cradle for mounting solar energy concentrator dishes. The cradle is strong and provides unobstructed space to mount a well braced dish. It will survive high winds without being driven to a stow position. The axes of rotation of the dish pass near the plane of the edge of the dish to reduce wind-induced torques in the drive system. Large radius tracks are attached to both the dish and cradle so the gear train on the drive motors can be simple and inexpensive. The cradle is a strong gimbal mount built of 12 structural members in the form of three tetrahedra. It provides a polar axis mount for the concentrator dish. All forces parallel to the polar axis are delivered to the earth at the end of the cradle closest to the equator.

scholarly journals Nanowires for High-Efficiency, Low-Cost Solar Photovoltaics

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunyan Zhang ◽  
Huiyun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Energy Source ◽  
Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Solar Photovoltaics ◽  
The Cost

Solar energy is abundant, clean, and renewable, making it an ideal energy source. Solar cells are a good option to harvest this energy. However, it is difficult to balance the cost and efficiency of traditional thin-film solar cells, whereas nanowires (NW) are far superior in making high-efficiency low-cost solar cells. Therefore, the NW solar cell has attracted great attention in recent years and is developing rapidly. Here, we review the great advantages, recent breakthroughs, novel designs, and remaining challenges of NW solar cells. Special attention is given to (but not limited to) the popular semiconductor NWs for solar cells, in particular, Si, GaAs(P), and InP.

scholarly journals Laser sintering and post-processing of a walnut shell/Co-PES composite

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (37) ◽  
pp. 23176-23181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueqiang Yu ◽  
Yanling Guo ◽  
Ting Jiang ◽  
Kaiyi Jiang ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Walnut Shell ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Cost Of Materials ◽  
The Cost

In order to recycle agricultural and forestry waste and reduce the cost of materials and energy consumption of the laser sintering process, herein, a sustainable and low-cost walnut shell/Co-PES composite (WSPC) is developed.

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