Fractionation, analysis, and PCA modeling of properties of four technical lignins for prediction of their application potential in binders

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J.A. Gosselink ◽  
Jan E.G. van Dam ◽  
Ed de Jong ◽  
Elinor L. Scott ◽  
Johan P.M. Sanders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Fractionation Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Soda Lignin ◽  
Technical Lignins

Abstract Functional properties of technical lignins need to be characterized in more detail to become a higher added value renewable raw material for the chemical industry. The suitability of a lignin from different plants or trees obtained by different technical processes can only be predicted for selected applications, such as binders, if reliable analytical data are available. In the present paper, structure dependent properties of four industrial lignins were analyzed before and after successive organic solvent extractions. The lignins have been fractionated according to their molar mass by these solvents extractions. Kraft and soda lignins were shown to have different molar mass distributions and chemical compositions. Lignin carbohydrate complexes are most recalcitrant for extraction with organic solvents. These poorly soluble complexes can consist of up to 34% of carbohydrates in soda lignins. Modeling by principle component analysis (PCA) was performed aiming at prediction of the application potential of different lignins for binder production. The lignins and their fractions could be classified in different clusters based on their properties, which are structure dependent. Kraft softwood lignins show the highest potential for plywood binder application followed by hardwood soda lignin and the fractions of Sarkanda grass soda lignin with medium molar mass. Expectedly, the softwood lignins contain the highest number of reactive sites in ortho positions to the phenolic OH group. Moreover, these lignins have a low level of impurities and medium molar mass.

scholarly journals Fungal Treatment for the Valorization of Technical Soda Lignin

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Mariane Daou ◽  
Clementina Farfan Soto ◽  
Amel Majira ◽  
Laurent Cézard ◽  
Betty Cottyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Glycoside Hydrolases ◽  
Fungal Treatment ◽  
Industrial Transformation ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Technical Lignin ◽  
Soda Lignin ◽  
Technical Lignins

Technical lignins produced as a by-product in biorefinery processes represent a potential source of renewable carbon. In consideration of the possibilities of the industrial transformation of this substrate into various valuable bio-based molecules, the biological deconstruction of a technical soda lignin by filamentous fungi was investigated. The ability of three basidiomycetes (Polyporus brumalis, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Leiotrametes menziesii) to modify this material, the resultant structural and chemical changes, and the secreted proteins during growth on this substrate were investigated. The three fungi could grow on the technical lignin alone, and the growth rate increased when the media were supplemented with glucose or maltose. The proteomic analysis of the culture supernatants after three days of growth revealed the secretion of numerous Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes). The secretomic profiles varied widely between the strains and the presence of technical lignin alone triggered the early secretion of many lignin-acting oxidoreductases. The secretomes were notably rich in glycoside hydrolases and H2O2-producing auxiliary activity enzymes with copper radical oxidases being induced on lignin for all strains. The lignin treatment by fungi modified both the soluble and insoluble lignin fractions. A significant decrease in the amount of soluble higher molar mass compounds was observed in the case of P. sanguineus. This strain was also responsible for the modification of the lower molar mass compounds of the lignin insoluble fraction and a 40% decrease in the thioacidolysis yield. The similarity in the activities of P. sanguineus and P. brumalis in modifying the functional groups of the technical lignin were observed, the results suggest that the lignin has undergone structural changes, or at least changes in its composition, and pave the route for the utilization of filamentous fungi to functionalize technical lignins and produce the enzymes of interest for biorefinery applications.

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DAN KINERJA INDUSTRI KERTAS DAN PULP DI INDONESIA: SEBELUM DAN PASCAKRISIS

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Fitri Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Market Share ◽  
Concentration Ratio ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Capital Efficiency

This research is intended to describe how concentrate of industrial market of pulp and paper before and after crisis was occur, and to analyze how impact of structure to pulp and paper industrial performances before and after crisis. Method being used in this research is concentration ratio (CR) either CR4 or CR8. This research is also uses multiple regression to see impact of independent variables (market share, cost of capital, efficiency and cost of raw material) to dependent variable (added value). The results of research are concentration ratio (CR) of total raw material, CR of added value, and CR of output; all of those are increase both CR4 and CR8. This means that crisis have had impact toward increasing concentration ratio pulp and paper industries, whereas CR of wage is decrease. CR4 decrease by 13% and CR8 decrease by 14%. The results of this research also indicate that cost of capital have negative impact to added value of company. Companies whose have less capital would have higher profit, vice versa. Cost of raw material has negative impact on company’s profit. Market share has positive impact on company’s profit.

scholarly journals Chemical conversion of a solid body of the composite gypsum/polyhydroxybutyrate in hydroxyapatite/polyhydroxybutyrate

Cerâmica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (375) ◽  
pp. 335-339
Author(s):  
A. A. Barbosa ◽  
S. A. Júnior ◽  
A. C. S. Dantas ◽  
A. V. Ferraz
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Chemical Conversion ◽  
Ph Control ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ammonium Hydrogen ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Clear Change

Abstract The transformation of the gypsum into hydroxyapatite allows added value to this raw material, because the ceramic obtained has a high commercial value in relation to gypsum, while the polymer adds biocompatibility and bioactivity properties to the biocomposite. Thus, hydroxyapatite/polyhydroxybutyrate composites were prepared from the gypsum/polyhydroxybutyrate, using a 10% mass ratio of the polymer. The material was obtained by means of a chemical conversion carried out in a solution of ammonium hydrogen phosphate (0.5 mol.L-1) and alkaline medium (ammonium hydroxide 6.0 mol.L-1) for pH control. The reaction occurred at 100 °C at different test times. Analyzes of infrared spectroscopy showed functional groups characteristic of hydroxyapatite after 36 h of reaction; in addition, the biomaterial was identified as the major phase in X-ray diffraction patterns. Scanning electron microscopy of the materials before and after conversion showed a clear change in their morphologies, indicating the success of the synthesis.

scholarly journals Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antimutagenic properties of technical lignins and their applications

BioResources ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 5452-5481 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Espinoza-Acosta ◽  
Patricia Isabel Torres-Chávez ◽  
Benjamín Ramírez-Wong ◽  
Carmen María López-Saiz ◽  
Beatriz Montaño-Leyva
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phenolic Hydroxyl ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Organosolv Lignin ◽  
Concrete Admixtures ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Technical Lignins

At present, more than 70 million tons per year of technical lignins are obtained from cellulose pulping and lignocellulosic refineries (e.g., kraft, lignosulfonates, soda, and organosolv lignin). These lignins are commonly incinerated to produce steam and energy, and only a small part is used as an additive in various low volume and niche applications, such as dispersant, in concrete admixtures, as an adhesive and as a binder. Furthermore, the potential of technical lignins is considered to be beyond that of an inexpensive fuel or raw material to produce low added value products. The technical lignins consist of complex polyphenolic polymers that contain numerous chemical functional groups, such as phenolic hydroxyl, carboxylic, carbonyl, and methoxyl groups. The phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl groups present in lignin reportedly possess various biological activities. The amount of data describing the biological activities of technical lignins has increased in the last 10 years. This review presents the most relevant research concerning the various biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, and others) of technical lignins. Additionally, the most promising and relevant applications are highlighted.

Extracellular Synthesis of Silica Oxide Particles by Fusarium oxysporum from Rice Husk Ash

2012 ◽  
Vol 727-728 ◽  
pp. 1153-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Pineda ◽  
Carlos Henrique Lemos Soares ◽  
Dachamir Hotza ◽  
Ana Elisa Casas-Botero ◽  
Margarita Ramírez-Carmona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Oxysporum ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Silica Particles ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Dissolved Silica ◽  
Extracellular Synthesis ◽  
Before And After

Extracellular synthesis of silica particles was carried out by Fusarium oxysporum mycelia using rice husk ash (RHA) as raw material. RHA before and after bioprocessing was analyzed by SEM and specific surface area. Dissolved silica was quantified using colorimetry. Incubation of rice husk ash with F. Oxysporum at 28°C and pH 6.8 indicated that 80% silica was dissolved and micrographs of RHA before and after reaction with fungi showed that the morphology of silica particles changed and the average size decreased (~600 to ~5 µm). Moreover, specific volume pore of particles was reduced from 0.026 to 0.013 cm3/g and surface area increased from 115 to 125 m2/g. Dissolved silica corresponds to 177 m2/g. It is concluded that synthesis of oxide materials using fungal biotransformation is a viable process to obtain added value products from agro-industrial waste materials.

Pengurangan Kadar Minyak Pada Abon Ikan Produksi Savitri Dan Tiaras Dengan Penerapan Alat Peniris Serbaguna Di Kota Kupang

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Muntasir Muntasir ◽  
Pius Weraman
Keyword(s):  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Filter Model ◽  
Simulation Tools ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fish Meat ◽  
Efficiency Increase ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Design And Manufacture

Community Partnership Program in small home industry of making fish floss brand "Savitri" and "Tiaras" inKupang city in the form of application of electric centrifugation filter model has been implemented. One of the problemsin the production of Savitri and Tiaras fish floss is that there is still a lot of oil in the frying product which is only drainedon a simple sieve and then placed for some time on traditional tools of filter and paper that can cause low quality and lowquality, so it is necessary to reduce the oil yield frying fish floss product. In order to increase the added value and sellingvalue of the products, it is necessary synergy between Universities and Partners in the form of application of the results ofscience and technology to the public. The main components of the composer of the versatile filter are the cylindrical plateas the bucket of the filter, the cylinder filter, the electric dynamo as the centrifuge system rotator and the load-bearingconstruction. The method of this program is the provision of materials, design and manufacture of tools, demonstrationtools and the provision of a versatile filter cylinder system centrifuge model by the team, simulation tools, specialcounseling at the location of partners and suggestions as a follow-up in the endurance of production. The output of thisprogram can provide added value in the form of the use of this tool can improve labor efficiency, increase productivitypartners by producing 40 kg to 50 kg raw material, raw fish marlin, fish meat after cleaning, processed, fried, in andpacked into 80-100 packs of fish floss with the price of Rp. 40,000.00 per package weighing 250 grams. With estimatedpartners will earn a profit of Rp 3,200,000 - 4,000,000.00 per production or 12,800,000.00 - 16,000,000.00 per month incash and consumptions, as well as the abundance of non-greasy, clean and hybrid fish products

scholarly journals Analytical quality by design methodology for botanical raw material analysis: a case study of flavonoids in Genkwa Flos

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Kyoung Kim ◽  
Sang Cheol Park ◽  
Geonha Park ◽  
Eunjung Choi ◽  
Yura Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Quality By Design ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Gradient Elution ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
Factor Screening ◽  
Column Temperature ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Critical Method

AbstractThe present study introduces a systematic approach using analytical quality by design (AQbD) methodology for the development of a qualified liquid chromatographic analytical method, which is a challenge in herbal medicinal products due to the intrinsic complex components of botanical sources. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS) technique for 11 flavonoids in Genkwa Flos was utilized through the entire analytical processes, from the risk assessment study to the factor screening test, and finally in method optimization employing central composite design (CCD). In this approach, column temperature and mobile solvent slope were found to be critical method parameters (CMPs) and each of the eleven flavonoid peaks’ resolution values were used as critical method attributes (CMAs) through data mining conversion formulas. An optimum chromatographic method in the design space was calculated by mathematical and response surface methodology (RSM). The established chromatographic condition is as follows: acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid gradient elution (0–13 min, 10–45%; 13–13.5 min, 45–100%; 13.5–14 min, 100–10%; 14–15 min, 10% acetonitrile), column temperature 28℃, detection wavelength 335 nm, and flow rate 0.35 mL/min using C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) column. A validation study was also performed successfully for apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, apigenin, and genkwanin. A few important validation results were as follows: linearity over 0.999 coefficient of correlation, detection limit of 2.87–22.41, quantitation limit of 8.70–67.92, relative standard deviation of precision less than 0.22%, and accuracy between 100.13 and 102.49% for apigenin, genkwanin, and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide. In conclusion, the present design-based approach provide a systematic platform that can be effectively applied to ensure pharmaceutically qualified analytical data from complex natural products based botanical drug.

Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty: A Technical Note

2021 ◽  
pp. 074880682199015
Author(s):  
Ian S. Lehrer ◽  
Joe Niamtu
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Dermal Fillers ◽  
Facial Surgery ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Invasive Techniques

Cosmetic facial surgery procedures and therapies have continued to evolve with an emphasis on minimally invasive techniques with a shorter recovery time. We present a how-to guide for nonsurgical rhinoplasty including the use of different hyaluronic acid fillers. We provide examples of before and after patient photos as well as photos demonstrating our technique. This technical note highlights the popular concept of minimally invasive nasal contouring using dermal fillers. As such, we provide a brief overview of different dermal fillers that can be used for this application, potential problems and complications, as well as remedies. Dermal fillers have become an entry point into cosmetic surgery for many patients. Our technique of nasal contouring with hyaluronic acid fillers in particular yields safe, effective, and repeatable results.

scholarly journals Cotton stalk-derived hydrothermal carbon for methylene blue dye removal: investigation of the raw material plant tissues

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Libo Zhang ◽  
Junyan Tan ◽  
Gangying Xing ◽  
Xintong Dou ◽  
Xuqiang Guo
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bet Analysis

AbstractConversion of the abundant agricultural residual cotton stalk (CS) into useful chemicals or functional materials could alleviate the fossil fuels caused energy shortages and environmental crises. Although some advances have been achieved, less attention has been paid to the plant tissues effect. In this study, the plant tissue of CS was changed by part degradation of some components (hemicelluloses and lignin, for example) with the aid of acid/base (or both). The pretreated CS was transformed into hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) method. Morphological and chemical compositions of CS hydrochar were analyzed by various techniques, including elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), BET analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Methylene blue (MB) removal of prepared CS hydrochar was used to evaluate CS hydrochar pollutions adsorption capacity. Results reveal acid/base (or both) pretreatment is beneficial for CS raw material to prepare high-quality CS hydrochar. The effects of some parameters, such as initial MB concentration, temperature, pH value and recyclability on the adsorption of MB onto both acid and base-pretreated CS hydrochar (CS-H2SO4 + NaOH-HTC) were studied. The present work exhibits the importance of agricultural waste biomass material plant tissues on its derived materials, which will have a positive effect on the direct utilization of waste biomass.

scholarly journals Novel Multilayer SAW Temperature Sensor for Ultra-High Temperature Environments

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Xuhang Zhou ◽  
Qiulin Tan ◽  
Xiaorui Liang ◽  
Baimao Lin ◽  
Tao Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Aero Engine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Passive Sensors ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Engine Systems

Performing high-temperature measurements on the rotating parts of aero-engine systems requires wireless passive sensors. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors can measure high temperatures wirelessly, making them ideal for extreme situations where wired sensors are not applicable. This study reports a new SAW temperature sensor based on a langasite (LGS) substrate that can perform measurements in environments with temperatures as high as 1300 °C. The Pt electrode and LGS substrate were protected by an AlN passivation layer deposited via a pulsed laser, thereby improving the crystallization quality of the Pt film, with the function and stability of the SAW device guaranteed at 1100 °C. The linear relationship between the resonant frequency and temperature is verified by various high-temperature radio-frequency (RF) tests. Changes in sample microstructure before and after high-temperature exposure are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The analysis confirms that the proposed AlN/Pt/Cr thin-film electrode has great application potential in high-temperature SAW sensors.

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