Laboratory screening of tropical hardwoods for natural resistance to the marine borer Limnoria quadripunctata: The role of leachable and non-leachable factors

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luisa M.S. Borges ◽  
Simon M. Cragg ◽  
Julien Bergot ◽  
John R. Williams ◽  
Ben Shayler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Faecal Pellet Production ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorhiza

AbstractThe marine borerLimnoriaingests essential wood components including the extractives the wood contains. Some extractives may confer borer resistance on certain timbers. Feeding byLimnoriacorrelates with the rate of production of faecal pellets. The faecal pellet production rate and mortality on over 40 test timbers and non-resistantPinus sylvestrissapwood was measured over 15 days. By placing animals in leachate from wood and with wood in flowing seawater, the effects of leaching-resistant and water-soluble compounds were measured. Some previously untested timbers affectedLimnoriaas strongly as timbers reputed for durability in marine construction. Wood ofMinquartia guianensis,Nectandra rubraandBruguiera gymnorhizacaused high mortality, and pellet production on them was less than 10% of production onP. sylvestris. Suppressed feeding rates, but with no heavy mortality, were observed on known durable species such asChlorocardium rodiei,Dicorynia guianensis, Lophira alataandNauclea trillesii, but also onCynometra ananta,Distemonanthus benthamianus,Enterolobium schomburgkii,Goupia glabra,Hymenaea courabil,Mammea africana,Shoreasp. andSacoglottis guianensis. Leachate fromB. gymnorhiza,G. glabra,H. coubaril,N. rubraandShoreasp. caused high mortality. These short-term bioassays thus detected clear differences between wood species in their resistance toLimnoriathat matched findings from long-term marine trials, while indicating new species worthy of detailed testing.

Contribution of hardness to the natural resistance of a range of wood species to attack by the marine borer Limnoria

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Cragg ◽  
Cedric Danjon ◽  
Hugh Mansfield-Williams
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Wood Boring

Abstract This study set out to determine whether wood surface hardness plays a role in determining the resistance to Limnoria attack. The feeding rates of the wood-boring crustacean Limnoria quadripunctata on matchstick-sized samples of a range of timbers were assessed by measuring the production of faecal pellets under forced feeding conditions. Pellet production rates varied significantly between wood species, with production on Lophira alata (ekki) 25-fold lower than that on non-durable Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood. The surface hardness of the timbers was measured for air-dry and seawater-soaked samples using a microindentation technique. The force required for a universal testing machine to drive a 150-μm-diameter pin 1.2 mm into the samples was measured. For all wood species, the hardness of seawater-soaked wood was lower than that of air-dry wood. Hardness was found to correlate positively with density. Pellet production rates showed a significant negative correlation with hardness across the range of species used, but if the denser species alone were considered, wood species significantly affected the rate, but hardness did not. In view of these observations, tests on resistance to attack by Limnoria should include a denser, non-durable wood species for comparison, as its hardness would likely be more similar to that of the durable species.

The spatial and temporal distribution of koala faecal pellets

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. H. Ellis ◽  
B. J. Sullivan ◽  
A. T. Lisle ◽  
F. N. Carrick
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Free Ranging

Faecal pellets were collected under trees used by free-ranging koalas in south-western, central and south-eastern Queensland to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of pellets with respect to the activity of koalas. Deposition of faecal pellets by koalas was analysed according to the time of day at which the tree was occupied. For free-ranging koalas, 47% of daily faecal pellet output was recovered using a collection mat of 8 × 8 m placed under a day-roost tree. The best predictor of pellet production was the presence of a koala in a tree between 1800 hours and midnight. For other periods, there was no relationship between period of tree occupancy and faecal pellet recovery. There was a significant relationship between the average length of tree occupancy and the time of day that a koala entered a tree.

Winter–spring feeding and metabolism of Arctic copepods: insights from faecal pellet production and respiration measurements in the southeastern Beaufort Sea

Polar Biology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Seuthe ◽  
Gérald Darnis ◽  
Christian Wexels Riser ◽  
Paul Wassmann ◽  
Louis Fortier
Keyword(s):  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Faecal Pellet Production

Effects of natural weathering conditions on faecal cortisol metabolite measurements in the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis)

2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Evans ◽  
Edward J. Narayan ◽  
Jean-Marc Hero
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Exposure ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Natural Weathering ◽  
Faecal Pellets ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Maximum Temperatures

Natural weathering conditions can influence faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) measurements in wildlife if fresh faeces cannot be collected immediately following defaecation. In this study, we evaluated this issue in a threatened Australian marsupial, the greater bilby (Macrotis lagotis). Fresh (<12 h since defaecation) faecal samples (n = 19 pellets per bilby) were collected one morning from seven adult bilbies kept in captivity. One control faecal sample (Day 1) from each bilby was immediately frozen. The remaining faecal pellets were randomly positioned outdoors. Subsequently, we froze one faecal pellet every 24 h for 19 days. FCM levels in bilby faeces were quantified using an enzyme-immunoassay. Mean FCM levels showed variation (daily mean coefficients of variation [CV %]) of 56.83–171.65% over 19 days. Overall, FCM levels were affected by exposure time; however, multiple comparisons showed that no significant change in FCM occurred after environmental exposure (no significant difference in mean FCM between control (Day 1) with any of the exposure days (Days 2–19). Individuals and sex also affected FCM levels. We found no correlation between mean daily CVs with daily minimum–maximum temperatures or rainfall. Our results indicate that FCM in bilby faeces is fairly stable to long-term environmental exposure (19 days). In future, freshly excreted bilby faeces (where the sample maintains a distinct odour for 9–13 days) should be used to study FCM levels in wild bilbies.

Quantitative evaluation of the feeding of the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) (Acari, Tetranychidae)

1975 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hazan ◽  
U. Gerson ◽  
A. S. Tahori
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Tetranychus Cinnabarinus ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Faecal Pellet Production ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Carmine Spider Mite

AbstractFaecal pellet production by Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisd.) was recorded at different temperatures (19, 24, 30, 35°C) and relative humidities (0% to 100%); at all temperatures pellet production was greater under dry than under wet conditions. A feeding index based on faecal pellet production and the proportion of adults surviving each day showed that the optimal conditions for the mite were 24°C and 38% r.h. Pellet production increased under continuous light and, under any particular set of conditions, was closely correlated with the numbers of eggs laid. It is concluded that faecal pellet production can be used as a measure of feeding within a given set of conditions provided it is supplemented and checked by other data.

Export or retention? Copepod abundance, faecal pellet production and vertical flux in the marginal ice zone through snap shots from the northern Barents Sea

Polar Biology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 719-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Wexels Riser ◽  
Marit Reigstad ◽  
Paul Wassmann ◽  
Elena Arashkevich ◽  
Stig Falk-Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Barents Sea ◽  
Faecal Pellet ◽  
Vertical Flux ◽  
Pellet Production ◽  
Copepod Abundance ◽  
Faecal Pellet Production ◽  
Marginal Ice Zone
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