Paper mill sludge as a component of wood adhesive formulation

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 688-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinglian Geng ◽  
James Deng ◽  
Shu Yin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Wood Failure ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
Adhesive Formulation

Abstract Three major types of paper mill sludge, primary sludge (PS), secondary sludge (SS) and de-inking paper sludge (DPS) were characterized and evaluated as adhesive fillers. Plywood panels were made of formulations with phenol formaldehyde (PF) and sludges. Panels with PF/PS and PF/SS formulations had higher dry and wet shear strengths than those made with PF/Cocob® formulation. All wood failure values were comparable. Dry and wet shear strengths of the panels with PF/DPS formulation were comparable to those of the PF/Cocob® panels (with Cocob® as a commercial filler), but the former displayed a much lower wood failure value. Owing to this fact and its high ash content, DPS was not evaluated further as a potential component of adhesive formulations. Compared with SS, PS resulted in higher dry and wet shear strengths and higher wood failure values. However, granular SS was easier to disperse into the resin component than fibrous PS, and the PF/SS formulation was more easily dispensed on aspen veneer sheets than the PF/PS formulation. SS alone displayed adhesive properties with 0.87 MPa of dry shear strength, but PS alone did not exhibit any bond strength. PS and SS were further evaluated for their general thermal behavior and major functional groups using differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, respectively.

Effect of periodate on lignin for wood adhesive application

Holzforschung ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J.A. Gosselink ◽  
Jan E.G. van Dam ◽  
Ed de Jong ◽  
Göran Gellerstedt ◽  
Elinor L. Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Furfuryl Alcohol ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Periodate Oxidation ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Wood Failure ◽  
Harmful Emission ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Adhesive Application ◽  
Softwood Kraft Lignin

Abstract Development of eco-friendly binders with no harmful emission during its complete life cycle is of high interest for the wood-based industry. In this paper, a fully renewable binder based on activated lignin and poly-furfuryl alcohol and a partly renewable lignin based phenol-formaldehyde (PF) binder were evaluated. Activation of kraft and soda lignins, isolated respectively from softwood and non-woods, by periodate oxidation was performed to improve lignin reactivity and application in wood adhesives. Periodate oxidation of lignin leads to higher lignin acidity, formation of quinonoid groups under more severe conditions, higher molar mass and higher reactivity towards the curing of furfuryl alcohol within a temperature range currently used in industry. Comparison of a 100% furan-based glue with a furan-based glue substituted by 10% lignin yields comparable product properties. However, periodate-activated lignin leads to lower wood failure, which might be caused by incompletely solubilised lignin particles in the acidic formulation disturbing crosslinking of the furan resin. Unmodified softwood kraft lignin performs well in a PF resin formulation at substitution levels up to 30% (w/w). Periodate oxidation of soda lignins enhances the glue performance because higher wood failure is attained. The higher molar mass after periodate treatment could be an important parameter for development of a stronger wood binder.

A Study of the Properties of Animal-Based Wood Glue

2014 ◽  
Vol 935 ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Taghizadeh Tousi ◽  
Rokiah Hashim ◽  
Sabar Bauk ◽  
Mohamad Suhaimi Jaafar ◽  
Amer Mahmoud Al-Jarrah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract

In this study, the green animal-based, which has been prepared by prolonged boiling of the inedible connective tissues of domesticated ungulates, was investigated for adhesive properties. The viscosity of green animal-based wood adhesive was measured and compared with that of urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) which are widely used synthetic glues in the wood industry. Also, the crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, nitrogen free extract (NFE) that represents carbohydrate, and ash as the organic components of green animal-based glue was measured. According to the results, the green animal-based wood glue was found suitable to be used in wood industry.

scholarly journals Ecofriendly wood adhesives from date palm fronds lignin for plywood

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 4106-4125
Author(s):  
Hiba Ibrahim Huzyan ◽  
Alia Abdul Aziz ◽  
M. Hazwan Hussin
Keyword(s):  
Date Palm ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Soda Lignin ◽  
Palm Fronds

Utilization of lignin phenol glyoxal (LPG) resins was studied as a potential alternative for phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins. Lignin was extracted by alkaline pulping processes (kraft and soda) from date palm fronds (DPF) and was used as an alternative for phenol in LPG resins. The isolated lignin samples were characterized using complementary analyses that included Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermal stability, thermogravi-metric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Kraft lignin phenol glyoxal (KLPG) and soda lignin phenol glyoxal (SLPG) resins also were characterized in terms of solid content, viscosity, and gel time. Finally, physico-mechanical tests were performed on plywood panels that were treated with different molar ratios of LPG resins. The results revealed that 50% (w/w) KLPG resin resulted in higher tensile strength (65.3 MPa) than PF resin (58.57 MPa), which was potentially attributed to the higher amount of phenolic groups compared to soda lignin. Therefore, the substitution of DPF lignin in LPG resins enhanced the adhesive in terms of its chemical and mechanical properties, enabling it to produce a more environmentally friendly wood adhesive.

The Use of South African Spent Pulping Liquor to Synthesize Lignin Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-511
Author(s):  
Priyashnie Govender ◽  
B. M. Majeke ◽  
Abiodun Oluseun Alawode ◽  
Johans F. Gorgens ◽  
Luvuyo Tyhoda
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Bonding Properties

Abstract This study aims to investigate the potential of using lignin sourced from South African black liquor as a total phenol substitute in phenol-formaldehyde resins (PFRs), with a particular focus on bonding strength and curing properties. Four South African pulping-based lignins were used to synthesize these lignin-phenol formaldehyde resins (LPF100 resins), namely Eucalyptus Kraft lignin, Pine Kraft lignin, Bagasse Soda lignin, and Bagasse Steam Exploded lignin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine structural and curing properties. These resins were then used directly (unmodified) as adhesives to test shear bonding strength (R0 LPF100 adhesives). To improve the bonding properties of the unmodified LPF100 adhesives, the LPF100 resins were modified via the addition of a crosslinker (hexamine) as well as a hardener (either glyoxal, R1, or epichlorohydrin, R2). All R0 LPF100 adhesives fell below the GB/T 17657-2013 plywood standard of ≥0.7 MPa, with the Bagasse Soda LPF100 adhesive recording the highest bonding performance of 0.5 MPa, and the lowest curing temperature of 68°C. From the modified adhesives, the best performing were the Pine Kraft (R1) and the Eucalyptus Kraft (R2) LPF100 adhesives, recording 1.4 and 1.3 MPa, respectively. The curing temperatures of both these resins were 71°C and 80°C, respectively. Ultimately, the results of this study indicated that favorable adhesive properties may be obtained with the use of South African pulping-based lignins as a 100 percent phenol substitute in PFRs.

scholarly journals A novel wood adhesive based on yeast hydrolysate

BioResources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 6015-6024
Author(s):  
Mingyang Bai ◽  
Yepeng Huang ◽  
Suzhen Huang ◽  
Shujie Wang ◽  
Wanjuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Group ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Wood Adhesive ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Yeast Hydrolysate ◽  
Ring Opening Reaction

Due to certain problems with petroleum-based products, the development of a renewable and green adhesive is urgent and important. Yeast hydrolysate, which contains more than 55% protein, possesses many advantages in its source (it originates from yeast as opposed to petroleum) and environmental protection. In this work, a wood adhesive based on yeast hydrolysate was developed through the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyvinyl alcohol, and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) to improve properties of the yeast hydrolysate adhesive via the epoxy group in EGDE. The influence of EGDE on the adhesive properties (density, viscosity, solid content, bonding strength, and curing temperature) was investigated. The thermal property and changes in molecular structure during curing were characterized via differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. These results indicated that a ring-opening reaction between the epoxy group of EGDE and the active group had an important influence on the properties.

Adsorption behaviors of paper mill sludge biochar to remove Cu, Zn and As in wastewater

2021 ◽  
pp. 101616
Author(s):  
Zhiyong Xu ◽  
Yunqin Lin ◽  
Yuejin Lin ◽  
De Yang ◽  
Haomin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Mill Sludge ◽  
Adsorption Behaviors

scholarly journals Stability and Influence of Storage Conditions on Nanofibrous Film Containing Tooth Whitening Agent

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Siriporn Okonogi ◽  
Adchareeya Kaewpinta ◽  
Pisaisit Chaijareenont
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Tooth Whitening ◽  
Electrospinning Technique ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Whitening Agent ◽  
Nanofibrous Structure

Carbamide peroxide (CP), a tooth whitening agent, is chemically unstable. The present study explores stability enhancement of CP by loading in a nanofibrous film (CP-F) composed of polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinylpyrrolidone/silica mixture, using an electrospinning technique. Kept at a temperature range of 60–80 °C for 6 h, CP in CP-F showed significantly higher stability than that in a polymer solution and in water, respectively. Degradation of CP in CP-F could be described by the first order kinetics with the predicted half-life by the Arrhenius equation of approximately 6.52 years. Physicochemical properties of CP-F after long-term storage for 12 months at different temperatures and relative humidity (RH) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that high temperature and high humidity (45 °C/75% RH) could enhance water absorption and destruction of the nanofibrous structure of CP-F. Interestingly, kept at 25 °C/30% RH, the nanofibrous structure of CP-F was not damaged, and exhibited no water absorption. Moreover, the remaining CP, the mechanical properties, and the adhesive properties of CP-F were not significantly changed in this storage condition. It is concluded that the developed CP-F and a suitable storage condition can significantly improve CP stability.

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