Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Feng Yeh ◽  
Jennifer L. Braun ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Hou-min Chang ◽  
John F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract To better understand the within-tree variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood, wood from a 35-year-old mature bent loblolly pine was separated into seven groups by different positions in the tree. Morphological and chemical structure analyses, including fiber quality, X-ray diffraction, sugar and lignin content analysis, as well as nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation, and advanced NMR spectroscopy, were performed. Fiber properties were significantly different for tree-top juvenile normal wood and tree-bottom juvenile normal wood, juvenile normal and mature normal wood, juvenile compression and mature compression wood. However, differences in the chemical structure and composition were less significant within the specific tissues indicated above.

scholarly journals Influence of juvenile and mature wood on anatomical and chemical properties of early and late wood from Chinese fir plantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changqing Lu ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
Qianqian Jiang ◽  
Yamei Liu ◽  
Liang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe proportion of juvenile wood affects the utilization of wood seriously, and the transition year of juvenile wood (JW) and mature wood (MW) plays a decisive role in the rotation and the modification of wood. To find out the demarcation of JW and MW, the tracheid length (TL) and microfibril angle (MFA) of early wood (EW) and late wood (LW) from four Chinese fir clones were measured by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Then the data were analyzed by the k-means clustering method. The correlation and the differences among wood properties between JW and MW were compared. Results indicated that the LW showed better properties than that of EW, but the anatomical differences between EW and LW did not influence the demarcation of JW and MW. The cluster analysis of TL and MFA showed that the transition year was in the 16th year and the transition zone of EW and LW was different among clones. The MW has longer and wider tracheid, thicker cell walls, and smaller MFA. In terms of chemistry, MW had a higher content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, less content of extract, but no significant difference in lignin content compared with JW. The stabilization of chemical components was earlier than that of the anatomic properties. Correlation analysis showed that there were strong correlations between the chemical composition and anatomical characteristics in JW and MW. In general, compared with chemical components, anatomical indicators were more suitable for JW and MW demarcation. The differences and correlations between JW and MW properties provide a theoretical basis for wood rotation and planting.

Juvenile–mature relationships for wood density in Pinustaeda

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 714-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire G. Williams ◽  
Robert A. Megraw
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Genetic Test ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Type I ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Genetic Covariance ◽  
Short Term Test

Open-pollinated seeds were collected from loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) selections made in natural stands in eastern North Carolina, then planted in a short-term, closely spaced test and in a conventional genetic test. Wood density measurements from seedlings, from older trees, and from parents aged 40–75 years old were used to estimate the genetic covariance structure between juvenile and mature wood. These data were also used to determine if the genetic relationship between juvenile and mature wood varied with the estimation method used or with the fertilizer and irrigation treatments in the short-term test. Age–age relationships were moderately to highly positive and these results were corroborative using several methods: parent–offspring regression and coefficient of genetic prediction, half-sib analyses, and graphical use of type I selection mistakes. Strong age–age relationships (rg = 0.76 to 0.90) were expressed between juvenile wood in the short-term test and older-tree wood density in the genetic test. Moderate to high heritabilities (h2 = 0.55–0.76) were estimated for juvenile wood in short-term tests. The latter estimates tended to be higher than heritability estimates based on parent–offspring regression (h2 = 0.23–0.25). There was negligible family × treatment interaction due to rank change between short-term testing treatments. Height and specific gravity expressed a slight positive correlation at all ages.

scholarly journals Utilization of polar metabolite profiling in the comparison of juvenile wood and compression wood in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)

2006 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1497-1503 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.-F. Yeh ◽  
C. R. Morris ◽  
B. Goldfarb ◽  
H.-M. Chang ◽  
J. F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Metabolite Profiling ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Polar Metabolite

ANATOMY AND LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION OF “COMPRESSION-WOOD-LIKE REACTION WOOD” IN GARDENIA JASMINOIDES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruna Aiso ◽  
Tokiko Hiraiwa ◽  
Futoshi Ishiguri ◽  
Kazuya Iizuka ◽  
Shinso Yokota ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Reaction Wood ◽  
Anatomical Characteristics ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Gardenia Jasminoides ◽  
S2 Layer ◽  
Secondary Fibre

Anatomical characteristics and lignin distribution of ‘compression-wood-like reaction wood’ in Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were investigated. Two coppiced stems of a tree were artificially inclined to form reaction wood (RW). One stem of the same tree was fixed straight as a control, and referred to as normal wood (NW). Excessive positive values of surface-released strain were measured on the underside of RW stems. Anatomical characteristics of xylem formed on the underside of RW and in NW stems were also observed. The xylem formed on the underside exhibited a lack of S3 layer in the secondary fibre walls, an increase of pit aperture angle in the S2 layer, and an increase in lignin content. Some of the anatomical characteristics observed in the underside xylem resembled compression wood in gymnosperms. These results suggest that the increase of microfibril angle in the secondary wall and an increase in lignin content in angiosperms might be common phenomena resembling compression wood of gymnosperms.

Juvenile and Compression Wood Cell Wall Layers Differ in Lignin Structure in Norway Spruce and Scots Pine

IAWA Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eija Kukkola ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Kurt Fagerstedt
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Wall Layer ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Normal Wood

Dibenzodioxocin, an 8-ring substructure of lignin identified in the mid- 1990's, is known to occur in softwood cell walls especially in the S3-layers of normal wood. In this study the lignin substructure was immunolocalised in juvenile and mature wood as well as in different degrees of compression wood of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In juvenile wood of Norway spruce, dibenzodioxocin was hardly present in the tracheid cell wall, while in Scots pine some dibenzodioxocin was found evenly distributed in the S2-layers. In mature normal wood, dibenzodioxocin was localised in the S3-layers in both Scots pine and Norway spruce. In contrast, in compression wood tracheids of Scots pine, where the S3-layer is not present, dibenzodioxocin was found in the S1-layers and in the outer part of the S2-layers, while in Norway spruce the innermost cell wall layer showed a strong signal. These findings support the idea that in mature wood the condensed dibenzodioxocin structure is formed in Norway spruce at the end of lignification, when the supply of monolignols and probably also hydrogen peroxide is diminishing. The reasons for Scots pine juvenile and compression wood showing a different pattern of dibenzodioxocin labelling is discussed.

Comparison of morphological and chemical properties between juvenile wood and compression wood of loblolly pine

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 669-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Feng Yeh ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
Hou-min Chang ◽  
Ilona Peszlen ◽  
Jennifer L. Braun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract In conifers, juvenile wood (JW) is always associated with compression wood (CW). Due to their similar properties, there is a common belief that JW is the same as CW. To resolve whether JW is identical to CW, 24 rooted cuttings of one loblolly pine clone were planted in growth chambers under normal, artificial bending, and windy environments. The results show that the morphology of JW is significantly different from CW. Furthermore, chemical analyses revealed that JW and CW are significantly different in chemical composition. Our results indicate that JW is different from CW, and the wood formed under a controlled windy environment is a mild type of compression wood.

Screening of juvenile Pinus radiata wood by means of Py-GC/MS for compression wood focussing on the ratios of p-hydroxyphenyl to guaiacyl units (H/G ratios)

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Nanayakkara ◽  
Mark Riddell ◽  
Jonathan Harrington
Keyword(s):  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
High Throughput Method ◽  
G Ratio

Abstract Analysis of thin slivers of juvenile (2-year-old) pine wood by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was explored as a fast and high-throughput method to assess compression wood (CW) via the ratio of the p-hydroxyphenyl to guaiacyl units (H/G ratio). Various chemical parameters such as contents of lignin, galactose, and p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units have been related to the CW in the tissue. The H/G ratio was calculated from all identified H and G lignin-derived pyrolysis products. The H/G ratio ranged between 0.019 and 0.052 for normal wood (NW) and between 0.133 and 0.227 for CW. There was a weak correlation between CW H/G ratio and Klason lignin content (R2=0.4), but it was not correlated to the galactose content. Lignin- and carbohydrate-derived pyrolysis products were subjected to principal component (PC) analysis. The first two PCs discriminate the CW from the NW, accounting for about 41% of the total variance in the dataset. The model developed based on lignin-derived peaks explained 54% of the variance.

scholarly journals PROPRIEDADES DO PAPEL KRAFT A PARTIR DA MADEIRA JUVENIL DE Pinus maximinoi, H.E. Moore E Pinus taeda L.

FLORESTA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Umberto Klock ◽  
Alan Sulato De Andrade ◽  
Eduardo Bittencourt ◽  
Ezequiel Zatoni Mocelin ◽  
Cristiane Crepaldi
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Wood Fiber ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Tear Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Breaking Length ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

A qualidade das fibras da madeira juvenil de Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore comparando com Pinus taeda L. foi avaliada em material proveniente de plantações de 11 anos de idade localizados no município de Ventania, Estado do Paraná. Foram investigadas 15 árvores por espécie. O processo utilizado para os cozimentos experimentais foi o sulfato (Kraft). O material utilizado para a obtenção de celulose foi obtido de discos coletados na altura do DAP (1,30m). As condições experimentais dos cozimentos foram: 18% de álcali ativo e 25% de sulfidez; número Kappa de 30 e fator H total de 1150, para três repetições para cada espécie. Os cozimentos foram realizados com 1000g de cavacos, base seca. Para a confecção do papel a mão em laboratório a celulose foi submetida a tratamentos de refinação em moinho tipo Jokro a 150 rpm por 20, 40 e 60 minutos além do tratamento sem refinação. Os rendimentos brutos médios foram superiores a 45%. Os resultados médios das resistências do papel por tratamento de refinação entre as espécies mostraram tendência semelhante entre ambas, ocorrendo, entretanto, no tratamento sem refinação maior densidade aparente para o papel de Pinus maximinoi. Porém com a aplicação dos tratamentos de refinação o comportamento da densidade aparente tornou-se similar. No tratamento sem refinação o valor médio do comprimento de auto-ruptura do papel de Pinus maximinoi foi 11,5% inferior ao de Pinus taeda, sendo, entretanto, incrementado com o aumento dos tempos de refinação. Com 20 minutos foi ligeiramente superior e aos 40 minutos a diferença é 6,6% superior, chegando a 7,9% aos 60 minutos de refinação. A resistência ao estouro no tratamento sem refinação e a 20 minutos apresentou valores inferiores para o Pinus maximinoi. Aos 40 minutos os valores médios são similares, invertendo-se tais valores aos 60 minutos de refinação, quando o estouro é superior para a celulose de Pinus maximinoi. Os valores médios da resistência ao rasgo foram ligeiramente superiores para a celulose de Pinus taeda, porém somente com 40 minutos de refinação houve diferença significativa. A resistência ao estouro e a resistência à tração da celulose e papel de Pinus maximinoi desenvolveu-se de forma mais acentuada com os tratamentos de refinação aplicados. Conclui-se que a madeira de Pinus maximinoi apresenta potencial para a produção de celulose e papel. KRAFT PAPER PROPERTIES FROM Pinus maximinoi H.E. Moore AND Pinus taeda L. JUVENILE WOOD Abstract This research objective was to evaluate the juvenile wood fiber quality of Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore compared to Pinus taeda L. The material was sampled from 15 trees with 11 years old from fast grown plantations located at Ventania municipality, Paraná State. Sulfate (Kraft) pulping process was used. The pulping material was from BHD (1.30m) disks, cooking conditions were 18% active alkali, 25% sulfidity, Kappa number of 30 and H factor of 1,150 for three repetitions for each specie. Experimental cookings were conduted with 1,000g dry basis wood chips. For pulp handsheets evaluation four treatments were considered: without beating, 20, 40 and 60 minutes beating in Jokro type mill at 150 revolutions per minute. The average pulp yield was slightly higher than 45% for both species, without statistic difference. Without beating treatment P. maximinoi handsheets showed higher apparent specific gravity, however it became similar to P. taeda sheets with beating. Average Tear Index, Burst Index and Breaking Length, showed no statistic difference between species, but considering beating treatments, differences appear in Burst Index and Breaking Length, P. maximinoi pulp showed a better evolution with increasing beating times, at 60 minutes beating treatment P. maximinoi sheets showed 7,9% higher Breaking Length average value. For Burst Index, P. maximinoi sheets showed better improvement with increasing beating treatments, the average value became higher at 60 minutes. The Tear Index decrease with beating, and P. taeda pulp showed slightly higher values, but only at 40 beating minutes was a significant difference. From the observed average results it can be concluded that Pinus maximinoi has potential for utilization for pulp and paper.

Changes in xylem tissue and laccase transcript abundance associated with posture recovery in Chamaecyparis obtusa saplings growing on an incline

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saori Sato ◽  
Hideto Hiraide ◽  
Masato Yoshida ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Plant Cell Walls ◽  
Transcription Level ◽  
Wood Compression ◽  
Xylem Tissue

Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls and is synthesised through oxidative polymerisation of monolignols. The transcription level of laccase, an enzyme implicated in monolignol polymerisation, is higher in the tissue forming compression wood than in normal wood. Compression wood, which is a special xylem tissue that develops to reorient inclined stems, also has a higher lignin content than normal wood. In the present study, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. saplings were grown on an incline and the following variables were tracked for 10 weeks: posture recovery of the saplings; development of xylem tissue on the lower side of inclined stems; and the transcription level of laccase. The posture of saplings approached vertical after 8 weeks, the development of compression wood reached a peak around 6 weeks and laccase transcription was the highest after 4 weeks. These results suggest a sequence of righting mechanisms. Inclination stimulates an increase in the abundance of laccase transcript and this increase encourages the formation of compression wood. The accumulation of compression wood then causes the stem to bend upward.

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