Moisture adsorption characteristics of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cao ◽  
D. P. Kamdem
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Moisture Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine

Abstract Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined for untreated and copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood at different copper retention levels. The Cu-EA treatment reduces the water vapor accessibility in wood because copper has occupied some of the adsorption sites for moisture during the treatment. The percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper was evaluated by M t/M u, which is the ratio of equilibrium moisture content for treated wood to untreated wood. The results show that, within the copper retention range used in this study, the M t/M u value decreases linearly at lower temperatures (4 and 15 °C) or logarithmically at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) with the increase of copper retention, suggesting that the percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper (P) increases linearly or logarithmically with the copper retention in Cu-EA treated wood. P decreases with the increase of relative humidity. The reason is that more adsorption sites become available for moisture at higher relative humidity. It has also been found that the influence of Cu-EA treatment on hydrated water (M h) is more significant than that on dissolved water (M s).

Microdistribution of copper in copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) related to density distribution

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinzhen Cao ◽  
D. Pascal Kamdem
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Density Distribution ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between copper absorption and density distribution in wood cell walls was investigated in this study. The density distribution on layer level was obtained from two approaches: (1) calculation by using data obtained from literature; (2) microdistribution of carbon and oxygen atoms in the wood cell. The microdistribution of carbon and oxygen in untreated southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) sapwood, as well as copper in cell walls of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood was determined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDXA). Both approaches for density distribution led to the same result: the density was higher in the compound middle lamella and cell corners than in the secondary wall. The concentration/intensity of Cu, C and O in the cell wall follow the same trend as the density distribution; suggesting that density may play a major role in SEM-EDXA study of the distribution of metal-containing wood preservatives within the wood cell wall.

scholarly journals Performance of Oriented Strand Board Made with Soy Substituted Resin in Termite Choice Tests with Southern Yellow Pine

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
Qingzheng Cheng ◽  
Juliet D. Tang ◽  
Chengfeng Zhou ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
Lixia Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Rating Data ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine

Abstract Soy flour was evaluated as a partial substitute for resin in the manufacture of oriented strand board (OSB), a wood-based composite that often replaces solid lumber and plywood in structural applications in the construction industry. Since the presence of soy could alter OSB biodegradation properties, termite resistance of OSB panels made with 0, 10, and 20 percent of polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) resin substituted with soy flour (OSB0, OSB10, and OSB20, respectively) was investigated. Single choice tests between three types of OSB and southern yellow pine (SYP) solid wood and an OSB choice test (OSB0 vs. OSB10) were evaluated. Results indicated that termites always showed a preference for SYP, with the OSB becoming less palatable when soy flour was present. Percentage weight losses for OSB0, OSB10, and OSB20 were 5.7×, 8.4×, and 8.6× less, respectively, compared with SYP. In the absence of SYP, termites did not differentiate OSB0 from OSB10, with OSB10 showing 1.5× less weight loss compared with OSB0. Visual rating data supported weight loss data, except significantly less damage was only found when the choice paired SYP with OSB made with soy (OSB10 or OSB20). Termite consumption preference for SYP was explained by differences in water absorption kinetics. SYP reached saturation (105% moisture content) within 1 week on moist sand, while moisture content of OSB composites slowly climbed to 79 percent over 4 weeks, never reaching a plateau. Lower moisture content was due to the presence of water-repellent resin and wax in the OSB.

The Effect of Variables on Laboratory Termite Testing: Part 4—Test Block Species, Size, and Test Photoperiod

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
G. B. Lindsey ◽  
T. L. Amburgey ◽  
H. M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Wood Sample ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Standard Laboratory ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Standard Tests

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the impact on termite feeding of wood sample size and species and test photoperiod in standard tests. Native species (Reticulitermes flavipes) and introduced species (Coptotermes formosanus) were tested in an American Wood-Preservers' Association E1 standard laboratory test. For testing involving treated wood, southern yellow pine was determined to be preferable to spruce based on its treatability and availability. Test blocks of 25 by 25 by 6 mm were deemed adequate for testing, with large blocks presenting difficulty with retrieval of termites to determine mortality and smaller blocks being consumed too rapidly by the termites in the test. Photoperiod comparisons were not significantly different for R. flavipes; however, C. formosanus indicated a preference for 100 percent darkness. Therefore, the recommendation is to maintain tests using each species in a 100 percent dark environment.

Wood Fracture Pattern during the Water Adsorption Process

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Liyu ◽  
L. Zhenyou ◽  
Z. Guangjie
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Fracture Pattern ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Moisture Adsorption ◽  
Pinus Bungeana

Summary A research program was conducted to investigate the effect of water transition on wood fracture properties, focusing on fracture behavior and patterns with different crack orientations of Betula platyphylla Suk. and Pinus bungeana in three different moisture adsorption processes. At a constant temperature of 20°C, three levels of relative humidity were considered: 66%, 82% and 100%. The results indicated that moisture content did not influence the crack propagation path, while specimen crack orientation did. With longer moisture adsorption times, the time needed to reach the maximum load from the critical load also grew; this is because below the fiber saturation point, from excessive dryness to a certain moisture content, the cell wall becomes less brittle and the toughness is enhanced. At 20°C constant temperature, the fracture toughness gradually increased from oven-dry state adsorbing moisture to 82% relative humidity, but decreased from 82% to 100% relative humidity. Within a tree species, fracture toughness depended on specimen type. The fracture toughness of LT specimens was by far higher than that of TL and TR specimens. The LT specimen fracture toughness of Betula platyphylla Suk. was comparable to that of Pinus bungeana.

scholarly journals Coating Performance on Exterior Oil-Heat Treated Wood

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojgan Nejad ◽  
Mahdi Dadbin ◽  
Paul Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Average Moisture Content ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Coating Performance ◽  
Spruce Wood ◽  
Heat Treated

Thermal modification and the degree of improved properties from the treatment depend on wood species and treatment parameters. Southern yellow pine and spruce are two wood species commonly used for decking, fences, and siding in North America. This study evaluated coating performance when applied on oil-heat-treated Southern pine and spruce wood samples. Moisture content, color, and gloss changes of samples were analyzed before weathering and then after each month for the first three months and then every six months during 18 months of natural weathering exposure in Toronto, Canada. The results showed that coated heat-treated woods had lower moisture uptake, lower color change, and overall better appearance ranking than coated-untreated wood samples. Coated-spruce wood samples had lower checking and splitting, and in general, much better performance than coated-Southern pine treated samples. Notably, the average moisture content of treated spruce wood samples was significantly lower than that of Southern pine, which explains lower checking and improved coatings’ appearance.

Differential Expression of a Putative Copper Homeostasis CutC Gene in Fibroporia radiculosa During Initial Decay of Copper-Treated Wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-475
Author(s):  
Katie M. Ohno ◽  
Amy B. Bishell ◽  
Glen R. Stanosz
Keyword(s):  
Differential Expression ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Copper Homeostasis ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
Pinus Spp

Abstract Living organisms require copper for several cellular processes. Yet intracellular concentrations of copper must be regulated to avoid toxicity. Not much is known about mechanisms of copper regulation in wood decay fungi. However, one putative annotation for a copper homeostasis CutC gene (FIBRA_00129), found in other brown-rot wood decay fungi, has been annotated in Fibroporia radiculosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate wood mass loss and differential expression of FIBRA_00129 during initial decay of untreated and copper-treated wood by two copper-tolerant F. radiculosa isolates (FP-90848-T and L-9414-SP) compared with copper-sensitive Gloeophyllum trabeum. Untreated southern pine (Pinus spp.) and ammoniacal copper citrate treated southern pine at three concentrations (0.6%, 1.2%, and 2.4%) were used in a 4-week-long standard decay test. Results showed G. trabeum was unable to decay copper-treated wood while both F. radiculosa isolates successfully decayed southern pine at all copper concentrations. G. trabeum and F. radiculosa L-9414-SP showed no detectable FIBRA_00129 expression over the course of this study. F. radiculosa FP-90848-T showed greater FIBRA_00129 downregulation on copper-treated wood than on untreated wood (P = 0.003). Additionally, there was greater FIBRA_00129 downregulation in F. radiculosa FP-90848-T at week 3 compared with other weeks (P = 0.015). Future studies are needed to further evaluate FIBRA_00129 during the decay process to determine its potential role in copper-tolerance.

scholarly journals Compression Properties of Small Clear Southern Yellow Pine Specimens Tested across Five Decades

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-245
Author(s):  
Rubin Shmulsky ◽  
Frederico José Nistal França ◽  
J. Tedrick Ratcliff ◽  
Benjamin Farber ◽  
C. Adam Senalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Clear Wood ◽  
Compression Properties ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine

Abstract Southern yellow pine (SYP) is one of the most used softwood species in the world. Most of this raw material come from fast-grown plantation trees. It is of interest to determine if SYP clear wood properties may have changed over the long term, in particular whether such properties may have declined. Herein, specific gravity (SG), ultimate compression strength parallel to grain (UCS‖), and UCS perpendicular to grain (UCS⊥) from three samples were compared: Sample 1 tested in 2014; Sample 2 from molding and millwork producers tested in 2017–2019; and Sample 3 from a study conducted in the mid-1960s. With respect to specific gravity (SG), the wood in Sample 1 was significantly lower than that from Samples 2 and 3. With respect to UCS‖, all three samples were statistically different. Adjusting to 12 percent moisture content had no influence on the mean separation of UCS‖. With respect to UCS⊥, no statistically significant differences were detected among the test data from any of the three samples. However, for the UCS data generated from the SG and moisture content–related model, Sample 2 was higher than Sample 3, and Sample 3 was higher than Sample 1, and these differences were statistically significant. Overall, these findings do not suggest that broad or consistent changes or declines of these wood strength properties have occurred during the past five decades.

scholarly journals Released Volatile Organic Compounds in Southern Yellow Pine before and after Heat Treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Zhiping Wang ◽  
Ye Qin ◽  
Xiaoqian Yin ◽  
Anmin Huang
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Yellow Pine ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Southern Yellow Pine

As the main material in indoor furniture, southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.) releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the environment during use. To better understand variations in the contents of VOCs in southern yellow pine before and after heat treatment, this study conducts dry heat treatment on southern yellow pine at 140 °C and 220 °C. Headspace solid phase micro-extraction was used to extract VOCs from southern yellow pine. The VOCs of southern yellow pine before and after heat treatment were identified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and chemical component differences were characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results reveal 86 VOCs in pure southern yellow pine, including alcohols, aromatics, acids, aldehydes, alkanes, alkenes, and some trace compounds (e.g., furans, ketones, phenols, and esters). With an increase in heat-treatment temperature, the contents of alkanes increased, whereas those of alcohols and alkenes decreased. The contents of aromatics, acids, and aldehydes were highest when heat treated at 140 °C. At 220 °C, the total contents of key VOCs in southern yellow pine were lowest.

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