Lignin Distribution in Coppice Poplar, Linseed and Wheat Straw

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd Donaldson ◽  
Jamie Hague ◽  
Rebecca Snell
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

Summary Lignin distribution was determined by interference microscopy, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for a range of agricultural residues including coppice poplar, linseed, and wheat straw. Interference microscopy was used to determine the lignin concentration in the middle lamella at the cell corner, and for the secondary wall of libriform fibres in the secondary xylem of poplar and linseed. Wheat was examined in the same way for cortical fibres. In addition the secondary wall of vessel elements was examined for poplar. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm the results from interference microscopy by providing semiquantitative information based on lignin autofluorescence, and by staining with acriflavine. Wheat had the lowest level of lignification, with 31 % lignin in the middle lamella of cortical fibres and 9% lignin in the secondary wall. Poplar had a lignin concentration of 63% in the middle lamella and 6% in the secondary wall of libriform fibres, while linseed had corresponding values of 69 % and 13 %. The secondary wall of poplar vessel elements had a lignin concentration of 25 %. In all three species most of the stem tissue was lignified except for phloem and bark, where present. In linseed the pith was unlignified. In wheat, most of the parenchyma cells were lignified except for a few cells lining the stem cavity. Libriform fibres in poplar and linseed sometimes had an unlignified gelatinous layer in samples containing tension wood. In linseed, lignification was greater in xylem fibres compared to bast fibres. Ray parenchyma cells of poplar and linseed appeared to be lignified to the same extent as xylem fibres.

scholarly journals Using cell cross-section dimensions and digital image correlation to evaluate drying shrinkage and collapse in Eucalyptus nitens wood

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6149-6164
Author(s):  
Alan Dickson ◽  
Bernard Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image Correlation ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Drying Shrinkage ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Eucalyptus Nitens ◽  
Vessel Elements

An approach combining maps of wood morphology and digital image correlation was developed to investigate the drying of Eucalyptus nitens wood. Maps of morphological features (vessel and ray distribution) and cell cross-section dimensions were acquired by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Shrinkage maps were generated using digital image correlation. There were statistically significant correlations between shrinkage/collapse and wood morphology at two levels. Firstly, there were positional relationships, with for example, both radial and tangential shrinkage increasing with increasing distance from vessel elements. Secondly, there were dimensional relationships, such as, cells with large perimeters (relative to their wall thickness) on average showing greater shrinkage. Generally, the positional relationships dominated the dimensional relationships. Detailed analysis over large areas allows for a fuller analysis of the interrelationship between wood morphology and drying shrinkage and collapse.

Resistance of hardwood vessels to degradation by white rot Basidiomycetes

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1841-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Blanchette ◽  
John R. Obst ◽  
John I. Hedges ◽  
Karen Weliky
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Fungal Decay ◽  
Acacia Koa ◽  
Monomer Composition ◽  
Lignin Removal ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Unusual Type

White stringy rot, an unusual type of selective fungal decay, can be found in wood of some dicotyledonous angiosperms. Stages of advanced decay consist of a mass of vessel elements with only remnants of other cells adhering to the vessel walls. Degradation by various white rot Basidiomycetes causes loss of fibers, fiber tracheids, and parenchyma cells but not vessels. In wood of Acacia koa var. koa with a white pocket rot caused by Phellinus kawakamii, fibers and parenchyma cells were preferentially delignified. After extensive lignin removal the cellulose remaining in the secondary wall was degraded. Large vessel elements remained relatively intact after other cells were completely degraded. The resistance of vessels to degradation appears to be due to their high ligninxarbohydrate ratio, lignin monomer composition, and cell wall morphology.

Ultrastructural Changes in the Cell Walls of Cambial Derivatives During Wood Formation in Indian ELM (Holoptelea Integrifolia)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karumanchi S. Rao ◽  
Yoon Soo Kim ◽  
Pramod Sivan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Xylem Elements ◽  
S2 Layer

Sequential changes occurring in cell walls during expansion, secondary wall (SW) deposition and lignification have been studied in the differentiating xylem elements of Holoptelea integrifolia using transmission electron microscopy. The PATAg staining revealed that loosening of the cell wall starts at the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and spreads to radial and tangential walls in the zone of cell expansion (EZ). Lignification started at the CCML region between vessels and associated parenchyma during the final stages of S2 layer formation. The S2 layer in the vessel appeared as two sublayers,an inner one and outer one.The contact ray cells showed SW deposition soon after axial paratracheal parenchyma had completed it, whereas noncontact ray cells underwent SW deposition and lignification following apotracheal parenchyma cells. The paratracheal and apotracheal parenchyma cells differed noticeably in terms of proportion of SW layers and lignin distribution pattern. Fibres were found to be the last xylem elements to complete SW deposition and lignification with differential polymerization of cell wall polysaccharides. It appears that the SW deposition started much earlier in the middle region of the fibres while their tips were still undergoing elongation. In homogeneous lignin distribution was noticed in the CCML region of fibres.

Lignin distribution in mild compression wood of Pinus radiata

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A Donaldson ◽  
Adya P Singh ◽  
Arata Yoshinaga ◽  
Keiji Takabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Compression Wood ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Confocal Fluorescence

Lignin distribution in the tracheid cell wall of mild compression wood in Pinus radiata D. Don was examined by interference microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and ultraviolet (UV) microscopy. Two anatomically different samples of mild compression wood were compared with a sample of normal wood using quantitative interference microscopy and microdensitometry combined with confocal fluorescence microscopy to estimate the quantitative or semiquantitative lignin distribution in the S2 and S2L regions of the secondary cell wall and of the cell corner middle lamella (CCML). One of these samples was briefly examined by UV microscopy for comparison. Quantitative interference microscopy provided information on lignin concentration in different regions of the cell wall with values of 26, 46, and 57%, respectively, for the S2, S2L, and CCML regions of sample 1 and 20, 29, and 46%, respectively, for the same regions of sample 2. Microdensitometry of confocal fluorescence images provided semiquantitative information on the relative lignin distribution based on lignin autofluorescence. Comparison between the two compression wood samples using autofluorescence gave results that were in partial agreement with interference microscopy with respect to the relative lignification levels in the S2, S2L, and CCML regions. Some improvement was achieved by using calibration values for hemicellulose rather than holocellulose for interference data in the S2L region. Results for UV microscopy performed on sample 1 indicated that the lignification of the CCML region was comparable with that of the S2L region in this sample but with some variation among cells. All three techniques indicated significant variation in lignification levels of the S2L and CCML regions among adjacent cells and a significant reduction in the lignification of the CCML region compared to normal wood.Key words: lignin distribution, interference microscopy; confocal fluorescence microscopy, UV microscopy, mild compression wood, Pinus radiata D. Don.

Sterols and lignin in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. wood: Spatial distribution and fungal removal as revealed by microscopy and chemical analyses

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Speranza ◽  
Ana Gutiérrez ◽  
José Carlos del Río ◽  
Lina Bettucci ◽  
Ángel T. Martínez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Lipophilic Compounds ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells

AbstractWood decay experiments were carried out aiming at the selective removal of lipophilic compounds with selected basidiomycetes isolated fromEucalyptus globulusplantations in Uruguay:Dendrophora albobadia,Lentinus tigrinus,Peniophora cinerea,Peniophora lycii, andPhanerochaete crassa. Localization and composition of lipophilic compounds and lignin ofE. globuluswere determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fluorescence microscopy using filipin staining, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and low temperature scanning electron microscopy. Free and esterified sterols, mainly sitosterol, were the predominant lipophilic compounds in the control wood. Sterols were present in ray parenchyma cells, together with polyphenols, and in vessels. This confirms earlier observations indicating that these cell types are the principal source of lipophilic extractives involved in pitch problems during pulping and bleaching. Sterols are also present in the vestures of fiber and vessel pits. Different fungal degradation patterns ofE. globuluswood were determined.P. lyciishowed the highest specificity for lignin degradation during short incubation time together with considerable sterol removal capacity. Ray parenchyma cells and their lumen deposits were strongly degraded byP. lycii. Eucalypt lignin located in vessel walls and fiber cell corners was more resistant to fungal attack, as revealed by CLSM. The initial decay stage ofL. tigrinuswas restricted to vessels and tyloses where the sterol compounds were removed.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural Localization of Polygalacturonase in Ethylene-Stimulated Abscission of Tomato Pedicel Explants

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Fang Qi ◽  
Tao Xu ◽  
Wei-Zhi Chen ◽  
Tian-lai Li
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Abscission Zone ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Immunogold Staining ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Ethylene Treatment ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Pedicel Explants

Polygalacturonase (PG) is crucial in plant organ abscission process. This paper investigated the cellular and subcellular localization of PG in ethylene-stimulated abscission of tomato pedicel explants. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of abscission zone sections with the fluorescent probe Cy3 revealed that PG was initially accumulated in parenchyma cells in cortical and vascular tissues after 8 h of ethylene treatment and then extended throughout the abscission zone when the abscission zone separated at 24 h after ethylene treatment. At the subcellular level, transmission electron microscopy with immunogold staining showed that PG showed abundant accumulation in the cortical and vascular tissues at 8 h after ethylene treatment, and the distribution area extended to the central parenchyma cells at 16 h after ethylene treatment. In addition, PGs were observed in the distal and proximal parts of the tomato pedicel explants throughout the abscission process. The results provided a visualized distribution of PG in the pedicel abscission zone and proved that PG was closely related to abscission.

Lignin Distribution During Latewood Formation in Pinus Radiata D. Don

IAWA Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Primary Wall ◽  
Single Specimen ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ring Boundary

Lignin distribution during formation of latewood tracheids in Pinus radiata, was determined by quantitative interference microscopy, and by potassium permanganate staining combined with transmission electron microscopy. Lignin distribution varied among trees sampled on the same date in late winter. In one tree, latewood tracheids were fully lignified up to the growth ring boundary. However in most trees sampled, latewood was only partially lignified. The extent of lignification varied from tree to tree but in all cases, at least some lignin was present in the middle lamella and primary wall at the growth ring boundary. Latewood was ideal for examining the lignification process because of the large number of different stages present in a single specimen.

ABNORMAL LIGNIN DISTRIBUTION IN WOOD FROM SEVERELY DROUGHT STRESSED PINUS RADIATA TREES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lloyd A. Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Wall ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Lignin Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cell Wall Development

Radiata pine logs exhibiting concentric shelling were examined for abnormal wood anatomy and cell wall characteristics. The trees from which the logs originated were growing on coastal sand dunes with a shallow impermeable iron pan subsoil, and the abnormal wood properties are assumed to be the result of frequent water stress and possible associated nutritional stress. The wood showed numerous false growth rings alternating with bands of poorly lignified tracheids. Examination of lignin distribution by confocal fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed abnormal cell wall development associated with a poorly lignified middle lamella and outer secondary cell wall. Affected tracheids showed poor adhesion with development of intercellular checking, particularly on radial cell walls. Some tracheids showed concentric lamellation associated with areas of high and low lignification within the secondary wall. In many cases, the S3 layer was thicker and more heavily lignified than normal. Tracheids with the greatest reduction in lignification of the secondary wall showed evidence of collapse. The shelling behaviour of the wood was thus explained by poor or negligible adhesion between tracheids due to reduced lignification of middle lamellae. This investigation provides some insight into the effect of growth environment on lignification.

scholarly journals Anatomy and cell wall ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizhen Wang ◽  
Hao Ren ◽  
Shengcheng Zhai ◽  
Huamin Zhai
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Phloem Fibers ◽  
Ray Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure

AbstractThe anatomy and ultrastructure of sunflower stalk rind are closely related to its conversion and utilization. We studied systematically the anatomy and ultrastructure of the stalk rind using light, scanning electron, transmission electron and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the stalk rind consisted of phloem fibers (PF), xylem fibers (XF), vessel elements (V), ground parenchyma cells (GPC), axial parenchyma cells (APC), xylem ray parenchyma cells (XRPC), and pith ray parenchyma cells (PRPC). These cell walls were divided into the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall (S). It was found that the S of PF, XF and V was further divided into three layers (S1–S3), while the S of APC, GPC, XRPC and PRPC showed a non-layered cell wall organization or differentiated two (S1, S2) to seven layers (S1–S7). Our research revealed the plasmodesmata characteristics in the pit membranes (PMs) between parenchyma cells (inter-GPCs, inter-XRPCs, and inter-PRPCs). The morphology of the plasmodesmata varied with the types of parenchyma cells. The thickness and diameter of PMs between the cells (inter-Vs, V–XF, V–APC, and V–XRPC) were greater than that of PMs between parenchyma cells. The cell corners among parenchyma cells were intercellular space. The lignification degree of vessels was higher than that of parenchyma cells and fibers. The results will provide useful insights into the biological structure, conversion and utilization of sunflower stalk rind.

Ultrastructure of Terminalia Wood from an Ancient Polynesian Canoe

IAWA Journal ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Donaldson ◽  
A. P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Middle Lamella ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Compound Middle Lamella ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

A sample of Terminalia wood recovered from an ancient Polynesian canoe thought to be approximately 1000 years old, was examined by light and electron microscopy to determine the extent and pattern of degradation. A chemical analysis was also carried out. The secondary walls of fibres, vessels and parenchyma cells were extensively degraded but the compound middle lamella remained relatively intact. Vestures in intervascular pits were preserved, presumably by virtue of their high lignin concentration. Plasmodesmata were also preserved by infiltration with extractives thought to be tannins.

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