Laboratory Evaluation of Natural Decay Resistance and Efficacy of CCA-Treated Rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Jusoh ◽  
D. Pascal Kamdem
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Irpex Lacteus ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Natural Decay

Summary Information on the natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA-treated rubberwood is important for the development rubberwood industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the natural decay resistance of rubberwood and the efficacy of CCA-pressure treatment in order to explore a new opportunity for this abundant raw material. Natural decay resistance and efficacy of CCA was estimated using soil-block test according to AWPA E10-91. Cubes were exposed to six wood-decay fungi: two each from white, brown, and soft rot. The moisture content of test cubes exposed to Irpex lacteus and Trametes versicolor increased with weight loss increase, while that exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta decreased. After a 12-week incubation period the average weight loss by white rot and brown rot fungi was about 1.5 times higher than that of soft rot fungi. CCA retention of 4.1 kg/m3 reduced weight loss to between 8% and 10%, retention of 14.5 kg/m3 protected weight loss by all test fungi from exceeding 2%.

scholarly journals Resistance of Wood Treated with Iron Compounds against Wood-Destroying Decay and Mould Fungi

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 645
Author(s):  
Marius Aleinikovas ◽  
Iveta Varnagirytė-Kabašinskienė ◽  
Aistė Povilaitienė ◽  
Benas Šilinskas ◽  
Mindaugas Škėma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Juglans Regia ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Iron Compounds ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Penicillium Sp

Treatment of wood with various physical and chemical factors can change the number of wood parameters, which can also lead to changes in resistance to wood-destroying fungi. This study evaluates the effects of hydrothermal treatments (additives Fe2O3 or FeCl3 with and without commercial tannins, also without additives and fresh wood) on decay and mould fungi resistance of modified wood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), walnut (Juglans regia), and Norway maple (Acer platanoides). For wood samples, the resistance against wood decay fungi Trametes versicolor (white rot) and Coniophora puteana (brown rot) and the resistance against mould fungi Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were assessed. The study findings showed that wood modified with iron compounds could cause a higher resistance to wood-destroying fungi. The weight losses of the modified and control wood, caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, differed for coniferous and deciduous: the average weight loss of treated pine, spruce, and fir wood caused by C. puteana was higher than that caused by T. versicolor, while these differences on maple and walnut wood were not significant. The wood hydrothermal treatment with Fe2Cl3 with and without tannins significantly reduced the weight loss caused by T. versicolor and C. puteana, and the treatment with Fe2O3 slightly improved the decay resistance. For the wood, hydrothermally modified with FeCl3 and FeCl3 + tannins, the mould area for both tested Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. was smallest for the wood of all tested tree species compared to other treatments. A different response was obtained for coniferous and deciduous tree species wood. The spruce wood, followed by fir wood, treated with FeCl3 with and without tannins, was the most resistant against the mould fungi. Relatively low resistance against the mould fungi was fixed for the maple wood treated by various iron compounds, except the treatment with Fe2O3 + tannins, which gave a very positive response against the Penicillium sp.

scholarly journals Natural Decay Resistance of Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex. Benth and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Ashaduzzaman ◽  
AK Das ◽  
I Kayes ◽  
MI Shams
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Test Method ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Acacia Auriculiformis ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Dalbergia Sissoo ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
Natural Decay

Natural decay resistance of two fast growing timber species, Acacia auriculiformis Cunn. ex. Benth. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. grown in Bangladesh was evaluated by adopting an accelerated decay test method. The wood specimens were exposed to a white rot fungus, Schizophyllum communie for 12 weeks. The natural decay resistance was determined by the weight loss percentage of the tested wood specimens. The weight losses were found 2.0% and 4.37% in heartwood, and 22.19% and 13.61% in sapwood of A. auriculiformis and D. sissoo, respectively. In both the species, the weight loss was significantly higher in sapwood than heartwood. This means that heartwood was more resistant than sapwood. The weight loss significantly increased from bottom to top. Significant variation has been observed in weight loss between A. auriculiformis and D. sissoo both in heartwood and sapwood. The wood of A. auriculiformis and D. sissoo were classified as naturally durable following the standard classification of natural durability. Key words: Decay resistance; Acacia auriculiformis; Dalbergia sissoo; Schizophyllum communie; Accelerated decay test DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8189 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 225-230, 2011

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Maja Bleckmann ◽  
Sarah Strohbusch ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Susanne Bollmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

scholarly journals Relative In Vitro Wood Decay Resistance of Sapwood from Landscape Trees of Southern Temperate Regions

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela Baietto ◽  
A. Dan Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Landscape Trees

The development of wood decay caused by 12 major root-rot and trunk-rot fungi was investigated in vitro with sapwood extracted from nine ornamental and landscape hardwood and conifer species native to southern temperate regions of North America, Europe, and the lower Mississippi Delta. Wood decay rates based on dry weight loss for 108 host tree–wood decay fungi combinations were compared at 21 °C over 1-year and 2-year incubation periods in the absence of tree-resistance mechanisms. Strains of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, and Heterobasidion annosum exhibited the highest decay potential in most tree species tested. The order of fungi causing the greatest decay varied over time as a result of temporal changes in decay-rate curves. Relative wood durability or resistance to decay generally was greater in gymnosperm than in angiosperm wood types. Quercus nuttallii, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, and Quercus lyrata sustained the highest levels of decay by all fungi. Northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) sapwood was most resistant to decay by all rot-fungi tested, sustaining only limited weight loss after 1 and 2 years of decay, although sapwood of Pinus taeda, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Platanus occidentalis had relatively low levels of decay after 2 years. These results in combination with data from portable decay-detection devices provide useful information for the management of tree breakages or failures resulting from wood decay fungi in hazardous landscape trees. Some potential landscaping applications for tree evaluations, risk assessments, and selections for tree-replacement plantings are discussed.

Chitin as an indicator of the biomass of two wood-decay fungi in relation to temperature, incubation time, and media composition

1998 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 575-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kent Nilsson ◽  
Jonny Bjurman
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chitin Content ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Cell wall chitin was determined in the mycelia of the brown rot fungus Neolentinus lepideus (Lentinus lepideus) and an isolate of the soft rot fungus Phialophora sp. to study the correlation to mycelial dry mass. The fungi were incubated as liquid cultures for three incubation periods at three temperatures in six nutrient media with varying levels and combinations of carbon and nitrogen. The glucosamine yield was found to be maximized by hydrolysis at 90°C for 48 h. The chitin content in the studied fungi varied from 8.3 to 39.8 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and 7.7 to 46 μg.mg-1for the Phialophora isolate. The chitin concentration was remarkably constant, about 10 μg.mg-1, in mycelia growing on the low nitrogen malt extract medium. An experiment with wood blocks indicated that chitin may be a good marker for total fungal biomass production, including living and dead mycelia, in early stages of wood decay (dry weight loss <6%). At higher dry weight losses, the chitin content reaches a plateau or decreases despite continuing degradation as determined by the dry weight loss. The chitin content of visible mycelia growing on wood was determined for both fungi and found to be 19.1 and 12.9 μg.mg-1for N. lepideus and the Phialophora isolate, respectively.Key words: chitin, wood-decay fungi, utility poles, brown rot, soft rot, glucosamine, colorimetry.

scholarly journals Kalappia celebica, an endemic wood from Sulawesi Island: Chemical composition and its resistance against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium

2021 ◽  
Vol 886 (1) ◽  
pp. 012122
Author(s):  
Niken Pujirahayu ◽  
Asrianti Arif ◽  
Zakiah Uslinawaty ◽  
Nurhayati Hadjar Ibrahim ◽  
Waode Erniwati Bakara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Moisture Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
Class Iv

Abstract Kalapi wood (Kalappia celebica kosterm) is endemic to Sulawesi Island and is a monotype species in the Fabaceae family with limited distribution. This study investigates the chemical composition and natural durability of Kalapi (K. celebica Kosterm) wood against white rot fungi Ganoderma tsugae and G. lucidium. This study was conducted based on the TAPPI standard for moisture analysis content, ASTM-D for extractive content, holocelluloce, and lignin, and method Cross and Bevan for cellulose. Durability observation was conducted in 12 weeks by assessing the percentage damage of wood samples caused by the fungi according to SNI standards 01-7207-2014. Results show that K. celebica has holocelullose, cellulose, and extractives at a high level, lignin was moderate, and had low hemicellulose. The results of testing the durability of wood shown that K. celebica has resistance to G. tsugae attack (class II) but is not resistant to G. lucidium (class IV), with an average weight loss of 3.14 % and 18.82 %, respectively.

scholarly journals Decay resistance of cement-bonded oriented strand board

BioResources ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Coniophora Puteana

The objective of this study was to evaluate the decay resistance of cement bonded oriented strand board (OSB) against brown ( Coniophora puteana) and white rot ( Termites versicolor ) fungi. Overall, both fungi failed to attack the cement-bonded OSB. Boards made with 3.0 cement-to-wood ratio showed weight gain instead of weight loss. Therefore, it is recommended that cement-bonded OSB is technically suitable for exterior use where both moisture and favourable conditions for fungi development are present.

Decay resistance owing to near-anaerobic conditions in black cottonwood wetwood

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. van der Kamp ◽  
A. A. Gokhale ◽  
R. S. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Significant Weight Loss ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Average Weight Loss ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Parallel Tests

Gases extracted from wetwood of unwounded black cottonwood (Populustrichocarpa Torrey and Gray) trunks near Vancouver, B.C., throughout 1974 contained less than 0.10% O2 for periods of 5 to 19 weeks during the summer, and an average of approximately 2.5% O2 in winter. CO2 ranged from an average of about 8.5% in summer to about 6% in winter. Decay tests using surface and completely sterilized cottonwood sapwood and wetwood blocks showed no significant weight loss (average 0.2%) after 10 weeks under near-anaerobic conditions (O2 at 0.08%), while parallel tests under aerobic conditions resulted in 42% average weight loss. Both test fungi (Polyporusdelectans Peck and Ganodermaapplanatum (Pers.) Pat.) survived 10 weeks under near-anaerobic conditions, but resumption of decay following this period was considerably delayed. It is suggested that in black cottonwood, wetwood is not necessarily a deleterious phenomenon but rather a condition that imparts considerable decay resistance to the inner wood of unwounded trees.

Iron-reducing capacity of low-molecular-weight compounds produced in wood by fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Goodell ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel ◽  
Jody Jellison ◽  
Yuhui Qian
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Degradation ◽  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Spot Test ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Reducing Capacity

AbstractBirch and pine wood specimens were colonized by individual isolates of 12 brown-rot, 26 white-rot, six soft-rot and four blue (sap)-stain fungi. Homogenized wood was subsequently extracted in 75% ethyl acetate and centrifuged. The filtered extracts were analyzed for their iron-reducing capabilities using a ferrozine-based assay. Agar fungal cultures were also examined directly using a spot test for iron reduction. Extracts from wood colonized by brown-rot fungi showed significantly greater iron-reducing capability than extracts from wood colonized by white-rot or non-decay fungi. Results of the spot test ratings were highly variable, but in general the greatest color responses were associated with the brown-rot cultures. The ability of brown-rot fungi to produce compounds and/or modify the wood components that reduce iron is of relevance to the “chelator-mediated Fenton mechanism” that has been advanced as a theory for the non-enzymatic degradation of wood by brown-rot fungi.

scholarly journals Cell Wall Bulking by Maleic Anhydride for Wood Durability Improvement

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming He ◽  
Dandan Xu ◽  
Changgui Li ◽  
Yuzhen Ma ◽  
Xiaohan Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Maleic Anhydride ◽  
Wood Cell Wall ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Decay Fungi

Wood is susceptible to swelling deformation and decay fungi due to moisture adsorption that originates from the dynamic nanopores of the cell wall and the abundant hydroxyl groups in wood components. This study employed as a modifier maleic anhydride (MAn), with the help of acetone as solvent, to diffuse into the wood cell wall, bulk nanopores, and further chemically bond to the hydroxyl groups of wood components, reducing the numbers of free hydroxyl groups and weakening the diffusion of water molecules into the wood cell wall. The derived MAn-bulked wood, compared to the control wood, presented a reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) of ~23% as well as an anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of ~39% after immersion in water for 228 h, and showed an improvement in decay resistance of 81.42% against white-rot fungus and 69.79% against brown-rot fungus, respectively. The method of combined cell wall bulking and hydroxyl group bonding could effectively improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance with lower doses of modifier, providing a new strategy for wood durability improvement.

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