The tRNase Z family of proteins: physiological functions, substrate specificity and structural properties

2005 ◽  
Vol 386 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Vogel ◽  
Oliver Schilling ◽  
Bettina Späth ◽  
Anita Marchfelder
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Trnase Z

scholarly journals Fucoxanthin: A Promising Medicinal and Nutritional Ingredient

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Yibo Tang ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Shuofeng Zhang ◽  
Jing Qu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Brown Seaweeds ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nutritional Qualities ◽  
The Stability

Fucoxanthin, an allenic carotenoid, can be isolated from edible brown seaweeds. Recent studies have reported that fucoxanthin has many physiological functions and biological properties, such as antiobesity, antitumor, antidiabetes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities, as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protective effects. Therefore, fucoxanthin can be used as both medicinal and nutritional ingredient to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Although fucoxanthin possesses many medicinal ingredient and nutritional qualities, studies indicated that its structure was unstable. In this paper, we consulted the current documents and reviewed structural properties and factors affecting the stability of fucoxanthin. We also reported the metabolism, safety, pharmacological activities, and the methods of improving the bioavailability of fucoxanthin. Based on these studies providing essential background knowledge, fucoxanthin can be developed into marine drugs and nutritional products.

scholarly journals The Dominating Role of N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase 1 in Forming Domain Structures in Heparan Sulfate

2011 ◽  
Vol 286 (22) ◽  
pp. 19768-19776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juzheng Sheng ◽  
Renpeng Liu ◽  
Yongmei Xu ◽  
Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cell Growth ◽  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharide ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Domain Structures

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide participated in essential physiological functions from regulating cell growth to blood coagulation. HS contains sulfated domains known as N-S domains and low sulfate domains known as N-Ac domains. The distribution of the domain structures is likely governed by the action of glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST). Here, we sought to determine the substrate specificity of NDST using model substrates and recombinant NDST protein. We discovered that NDST-1 carries out the modification in a highly ordered fashion. The enzyme sulfates the substrate from the nonreducing end toward the reducing end consecutively, leading to the product with a cluster of N-sulfo glucosamine residues. Furthermore, a preexisting N-sulfo glucosamine residue prevents the action of NDST-1 at the residues immediately located at the nonreducing end, allowing the formation of an N-Ac domain. Our results provide the long sought evidence for understanding the formation of sulfated versus nonsulfated domains in the HS isolated from cells and tissues. The study demonstrates the regulating role of NDST-1 in mapping the sulfation patterns of HS.

scholarly journals Laccase Properties, Physiological Functions, and Evolution

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Janusz ◽  
Anna Pawlik ◽  
Urszula Świderska-Burek ◽  
Jolanta Polak ◽  
Justyna Sulej ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Catalytic Properties ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Multicopper Oxidases ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Substrate Specificities ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Discovered in 1883, laccase is one of the first enzymes ever described. Now, after almost 140 years of research, it seems that this copper-containing protein with a number of unique catalytic properties is widely distributed across all kingdoms of life. Laccase belongs to the superfamily of multicopper oxidases (MCOs)—a group of enzymes comprising many proteins with different substrate specificities and diverse biological functions. The presence of cupredoxin-like domains allows all MCOs to reduce oxygen to water without producing harmful byproducts. This review describes structural characteristics and plausible evolution of laccase in different taxonomic groups. The remarkable catalytic abilities and broad substrate specificity of laccases are described in relation to other copper-containing MCOs. Through an exhaustive analysis of laccase roles in different taxa, we find that this enzyme evolved to serve an important, common, and protective function in living systems.

scholarly journals Isolation of adipose tissue derived regenerative cells from human subcutaneous tissue with or without the use of an enzymatic reagent

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E. Winnier ◽  
Nick Valenzuela ◽  
Christopher Alt ◽  
Jennifer Peters-Hall ◽  
Joshua Kellner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
The United States ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Cell Yield ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Enzymatic Isolation ◽  
Regenerative Cells

ABSTRACTBackgroundFreshly isolated, uncultured autologous adipose derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) have emerged as a promising tool for regenerative cell therapy. The Transpose RT system (InGeneron, Inc., Houston, TX, USA) is a system for isolating ADRCs from adipose tissue, commercially available in Europe as a CE-marked medical device and under clinical evaluation in the United States. This system makes use of the proprietary, enzymatic Matrase Reagent for isolating cells. The present study addressed the question whether the use of Matrase Reagent influences cell yield, cell viability, live cell yield, biological characteristics, physiological functions or structural properties of the ADRCs in final cell suspension.MethodsIdentical samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue from 12 subjects undergoing elective lipoplasty were processed either with or without the use of Matrase Reagent. Then, characteristics of the ADRCs in the respective final cell suspensions were evaluated.ResultsCompared to non-enzymatic isolation, enzymatic isolation resulted in approximately twelve times higher mean cell yield (i.e., numbers of viable cells/ml lipoaspirate) and approximately 16 times more colony forming units. Despite these differences, cells isolated from lipoaspirate both with and without the use of Matrase Reagent were independently able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers.DiscussionThe data of this study indicate that biological characteristics, physiological functions or structural properties relevant for the intended use were not altered or induced using Matrase Reagent. A comprehensive literature review demonstrated that isolation of ADRCs from lipoaspirate using the Transpose RT system and the Matrase Reagent results in the highest viable cell yield among all published data regarding isolation of ADRCs from lipoaspirate.

The lysosomal polypeptide transporter TAPL: more than a housekeeping factor?

2011 ◽  
Vol 392 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Bangert ◽  
Franz Tumulka ◽  
Rupert Abele
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Abc Transporter ◽  
Abc Transporters ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Atp Hydrolysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Distribution ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe transporter associated with antigen processing-like (TAPL) is a polypeptide transporter translocating cytosolic peptides into the lumen of lysosomes driven by ATP hydrolysis. TAPL belongs to the family of ABC transporters and forms a homodimer. This ABC transporter not only shows a broad tissue but also a wide phylogenetic distribution, because orthologs are still found in nematodes and insects. Here, we present the topology, substrate specificity, and distribution of this intracellular polypeptide transporter. Additionally, we will discuss its proposed physiological functions such as housekeeping together with a specialized factor for metabolite storage as well as for the adaptive immunity.

Substrate specificity and inducibility of TACE (tumour necrosis factor α-converting enzyme) revisited: the Ala-Val preference, and induced intrinsic activity

2003 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy A. Black ◽  
John R. Doedens ◽  
Rajeev Mahimkar ◽  
Richard Johnson ◽  
Lin Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Tumour Necrosis Factor ◽  
Tumour Necrosis ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Tumour Necrosis Factor Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM-17, where ADAM stands for a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) releases from the cell surface the extracellular domains of TNF and several other proteins. Previous studies have found that, while purified TACE preferentially cleaves peptides representing the processing sites in TNF and transforming growth factor α, the cellular enzyme nonetheless also sheds proteins with divergent cleavage sites very efficiently. More recent work, identifying the cleavage site in the p75 TNF receptor, quantifying the susceptibility of additional peptides to cleavage by TACE and identifying additional protein substrates, underlines the complexity of TACE-substrate interactions. In addition to substrate specificity, the mechanism underlying the increased rate of shedding caused by agents that activate cells remains poorly understood. Recent work in this area, utilizing a peptide substrate as a probe for cellular TACE activity, indicates that the intrinsic activity of the enzyme is somehow increased.

Newborn's Preference for Faces

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Umiltà ◽  
Francesca Simion ◽  
Eloisa Valenza
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Structural Properties ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Human Face ◽  
System Experiment ◽  
Face Experiment

Four experiments were aimed at elucidating some aspects of the preference for facelike patterns in newborns. Experiment 1 showed a preference for a stimulus whose components were located in the correct arrangement for a human face. Experiment 2 showed a preference for stimuli that had optimal sensory properties for the newborn visual system. Experiment 3 showed that babies directed their attention to a facelike pattern even when it was presented simultaneously with a non-facelike stimulus with optimal sensory properties. Experiment 4 showed the preference for facelike patterns in the temporal hemifield but not in the nasal hemifield. It was concluded that newborns' preference for facelike patterns reflects the activity of a subcortical system which is sensitive to the structural properties of the stimulus.

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