Confined blasts, and the impact of shock wave reflections on a human head and the related traumatic brain injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 205
Author(s):  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Mehdi Salimi Jazi ◽  
Samad Javid ◽  
Ghodrat Karami ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Wave Reflections ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals A Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Airbag Bicycle Helmet Concept for Traumatic Brain Injury Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Kwong Ming Tse ◽  
Daniel Holder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Impact Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Helmet Design

In this study, a novel expandable bicycle helmet, which integrates an airbag system into the conventional helmet design, was proposed to explore the potential synergetic effect of an expandable airbag and a standard commuter-type EPS helmet. The traumatic brain injury mitigation performance of the proposed expandable helmet was evaluated against that of a typical traditional bicycle helmet. A series of dynamic impact simulations on both a helmeted headform and a representative human head with different configurations were carried out in accordance with the widely recognised international bicycle helmet test standards. The impact simulations were initially performed on a ballast headform for validation and benchmarking purposes, while the subsequent ones on a biofidelic human head model were used for assessing any potential intracranial injury. It was found that the proposed expandable helmet performed admirably better when compared to a conventional helmet design—showing improvements in impact energy attenuation, as well as kinematic and biometric injury risk reduction. More importantly, this expandable helmet concept, integrating the airbag system in the conventional design, offers adequate protection to the cyclist in the unlikely case of airbag deployment failure.

A Study on the Impact of Helmet Padding Materials on the Brain Pressure Under Shock Loads

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Salimi Jazi ◽  
Asghar Rezaei ◽  
Ghodrat Karami ◽  
Fardad Azarmi ◽  
Mariusz Ziejewski
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crashes ◽  
Ballistic Impacts ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Pressure

A traumatic brain injury (TBI) can occur from a sharp strain, or acceleration, to the human head. Based on the level of injury, TBIs are classified as mild, moderate, or severe, with the most common causes being motor vehicle crashes; violence related injuries; collisions in sports; and falls are the most common causes of TBIs for the general public. Many soldiers experience a TBI in combat zones when they are exposed to the shock waves from blasts, or to ballistic impacts.

Biomechanical Assessment of the Bridging Vein Rupture of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Using the Finite Element Human Head Model

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenzhi Wang ◽  
Jae Bum Pahk ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Joseph Muthu ◽  
David A. Vorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Bridging Vein ◽  
Human Head Model

The incidence of the blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) among American troops in battle environments is dramatically high in recent years. Shock wave, a production of detonation, is a brief and acute overpressure wave that travels supersonically with a magnitude which can be several times higher than atmospheric pressure. Primary bTBI means that human exposure to shock wave itself without any other impact of solid objects can still result in the impairment of cerebral tissues. The mechanism of this type of brain injury is different from that of the conventional TBI, and has not been fully understood. So far, it is believed that the shock wave transmitted through skull and into cerebral tissues may induce specific injury patterns. This study is trying to develop a methodology to numerically investigate the mechanism of the blast-induced subdural hematoma (bSDH), which is caused by bridging vein rupture. The effort of this study can be divided to three major parts: first, a finite element (FE) model of human head is developed from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a real human head to contain skull, CSF and brain. Numerically simulated shock waves transmits through the human head model whose mechanical responses are recorded; second, in order to obtain the mechanical properties of human bridging vein, an standard inflation test of blood vessels is conducted on a real human bridging vein sample gained from autopsy. Material parameters are found by fitting the experimental data to an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model for blood vessel (Gerhard A. Holzapfel 2000); third, The bridging vein rupture in bTBI is evaluated by the finite element analysis of a separate human bridging vein model under the external loadings in terms of the internal pressure and relative skull-brain motion which are extracted from the mechanical response of the subarachnoid space of the head in the blast-head simulation of the first part.

Computational Study on the Bridging Vein Rupture of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Numerical Human Head Model

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenzhi Wang ◽  
Jae Bum Pahk ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Jeffrey S. Vipperman
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Bridging Vein ◽  
Human Head Model

The occurrence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in people serving in battle environments is dramatically high. The blast front, or leading edge of the shock wave is a brief, acute overpressure wave that travels supersonically with a magnitude that is several times higher than that of ambient. The shock wave propagates through the human head and injures intracranial tissues. Classical neuropathologic signs of bTBI include cerebral contusion, diffuse axonal injury, subdural hematoma (SDH) and subarachnoid hematoma, of which subdural hematoma is the most dominating sign of bTBI. Here, computational finite element (FE) modeling is used to investigate the mechanical process of bTBI. The overall goal of the present study is to find the injury threshold of the SDH injury due to bTBI, by investigating the biomechanical response of the bridging veins in the human brain under shock wave loading that originates from detonation. This research mainly develops a basic FE human head model which consists of skull and parts of the brain. The geometric models of skull and brain are developed from segmentations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) files of a real human head. The boundary conditions on the neck and head are modeled as a displacement-fixed condition. The numerically simulated blast waves are applied on the human head model as external loading conditions. The internal response in the subarachnoid space is used as loadings on the bridging vein submodel. The maximum principal stress of the bridging vein is used to determine the whether there is failure of the bridging vein, thus estimating the “injury threshold” of SDH in bTBI. Results show that 150g TNT blast of 1 meter away from the head can result in a high possibility of SDH occurrence.

Impact of routine S100B protein assay on CT scan use in children with mild traumatic brain injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur Lorton ◽  
Jeanne Simon-Pimmel ◽  
Damien Masson ◽  
Elise Launay ◽  
Christèle Gras-Le Guen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
S100b Protein ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Protein Assay ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of implementing a modified Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) rule including the S100B protein assay for managing mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children.MethodsA before-and-after study was conducted in a paediatric emergency department of a French University Hospital from 2013 to 2015. We retrospectively included all consecutive children aged 4 months to 15 years who presented mTBI and were at intermediate risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI). We compared the proportions of CT scans performed and of in-hospital observations before (2013–2014) and after (2014–2015) implementation of a modified PECARN rule including the S100B protein assay.ResultsWe included 1,062 children with mTBI (median age 4.5 years, sex ratio [F/M] 0.73) who were at intermediate risk for ciTBI: 494 (46.5%) during 2013–2014 and 568 (53.5%) during 2014–2015. During 2014–2015, S100B protein was measured in 451 (79.4%) children within 6 h after mTBI. The proportion of CT scans and in-hospital observations significantly decreased between the two periods, from 14.4 to 9.5% (p=0.02) and 73.9–40.5% (p<0.01), respectively. The number of CT scans performed to identify a single ciTBI was reduced by two-thirds, from 18 to 6 CT scans, between 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. All children with ciTBI were identified by the rules.ConclusionsThe implementation of a modified PECARN rule including the S100B protein assay significantly decreased the proportion of CT scans and in-hospital observations for children with mTBI who were at intermediate risk for ciTBI.

scholarly journals Interrupted time series design to evaluate ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM coding changes on trends in Colorado emergency department visits related to traumatic brain injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Alexis De Crescenzo ◽  
Barbara Alison Gabella ◽  
Jewell Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Emergency Department ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Emergency Department Visits ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Icd 10 ◽  
Ed Visits ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The transition in 2015 to the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Disease, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) in the US led the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to propose a surveillance definition of traumatic brain injury (TBI) utilizing ICD-10-CM codes. The CDC’s proposed surveillance definition excludes “unspecified injury of the head,” previously included in the ICD-9-CM TBI surveillance definition. The study purpose was to evaluate the impact of the TBI surveillance definition change on monthly rates of TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits in Colorado from 2012 to 2017. Results The monthly rate of TBI-related ED visits was 55.6 visits per 100,000 persons in January 2012. This rate in the transition month to ICD-10-CM (October 2015) decreased by 41 visits per 100,000 persons (p-value < 0.0001), compared to September 2015, and remained low through December 2017, due to the exclusion of “unspecified injury of head” (ICD-10-CM code S09.90) in the proposed TBI definition. The average increase in the rate was 0.33 visits per month (p < 0.01) prior to October 2015, and 0.04 visits after. When S09.90 was included in the model, the monthly TBI rate in Colorado remained smooth from ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM and the transition was no longer significant (p = 0.97). Conclusion The reduction in the monthly TBI-related ED visit rate resulted from the CDC TBI surveillance definition excluding unspecified head injury, not necessarily the coding transition itself. Public health practitioners should be aware that the definition change could lead to a drastic reduction in the magnitude and trend of TBI-related ED visits, which could affect decisions regarding the allocation of TBI resources. This study highlights a challenge in creating a standardized set of TBI ICD-10-CM codes for public health surveillance that provides comparable yet clinically relevant estimates that span the ICD transition.

The impact of depression on Veterans with PTSD and traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Isaac ◽  
Keith L. Main ◽  
Salil Soman ◽  
Ian H. Gotlib ◽  
Ansgar J. Furst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study
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