Computational Study on the Bridging Vein Rupture of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Using a Numerical Human Head Model

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenzhi Wang ◽  
Jae Bum Pahk ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Jeffrey S. Vipperman
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Bridging Vein ◽  
Human Head Model

The occurrence of blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) in people serving in battle environments is dramatically high. The blast front, or leading edge of the shock wave is a brief, acute overpressure wave that travels supersonically with a magnitude that is several times higher than that of ambient. The shock wave propagates through the human head and injures intracranial tissues. Classical neuropathologic signs of bTBI include cerebral contusion, diffuse axonal injury, subdural hematoma (SDH) and subarachnoid hematoma, of which subdural hematoma is the most dominating sign of bTBI. Here, computational finite element (FE) modeling is used to investigate the mechanical process of bTBI. The overall goal of the present study is to find the injury threshold of the SDH injury due to bTBI, by investigating the biomechanical response of the bridging veins in the human brain under shock wave loading that originates from detonation. This research mainly develops a basic FE human head model which consists of skull and parts of the brain. The geometric models of skull and brain are developed from segmentations of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) files of a real human head. The boundary conditions on the neck and head are modeled as a displacement-fixed condition. The numerically simulated blast waves are applied on the human head model as external loading conditions. The internal response in the subarachnoid space is used as loadings on the bridging vein submodel. The maximum principal stress of the bridging vein is used to determine the whether there is failure of the bridging vein, thus estimating the “injury threshold” of SDH in bTBI. Results show that 150g TNT blast of 1 meter away from the head can result in a high possibility of SDH occurrence.

Biomechanical Assessment of the Bridging Vein Rupture of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury Using the Finite Element Human Head Model

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenzhi Wang ◽  
Jae Bum Pahk ◽  
Carey D. Balaban ◽  
Joseph Muthu ◽  
David A. Vorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Bridging Vein ◽  
Human Head Model

The incidence of the blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) among American troops in battle environments is dramatically high in recent years. Shock wave, a production of detonation, is a brief and acute overpressure wave that travels supersonically with a magnitude which can be several times higher than atmospheric pressure. Primary bTBI means that human exposure to shock wave itself without any other impact of solid objects can still result in the impairment of cerebral tissues. The mechanism of this type of brain injury is different from that of the conventional TBI, and has not been fully understood. So far, it is believed that the shock wave transmitted through skull and into cerebral tissues may induce specific injury patterns. This study is trying to develop a methodology to numerically investigate the mechanism of the blast-induced subdural hematoma (bSDH), which is caused by bridging vein rupture. The effort of this study can be divided to three major parts: first, a finite element (FE) model of human head is developed from the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a real human head to contain skull, CSF and brain. Numerically simulated shock waves transmits through the human head model whose mechanical responses are recorded; second, in order to obtain the mechanical properties of human bridging vein, an standard inflation test of blood vessels is conducted on a real human bridging vein sample gained from autopsy. Material parameters are found by fitting the experimental data to an anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive model for blood vessel (Gerhard A. Holzapfel 2000); third, The bridging vein rupture in bTBI is evaluated by the finite element analysis of a separate human bridging vein model under the external loadings in terms of the internal pressure and relative skull-brain motion which are extracted from the mechanical response of the subarachnoid space of the head in the blast-head simulation of the first part.

A Proposed Injury Threshold for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

2004 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Zhang ◽  
King H. Yang ◽  
Albert I. King
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Tolerance Level ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Injury Threshold ◽  
Accident Data

Traumatic brain injuries constitute a significant portion of injury resulting from automotive collisions, motorcycle crashes, and sports collisions. Brain injuries not only represent a serious trauma for those involved but also place an enormous burden on society, often exacting a heavy economical, social, and emotional price. Development of intervention strategies to prevent or minimize these injuries requires a complete understanding of injury mechanisms, response and tolerance level. In this study, an attempt is made to delineate actual injury causation and establish a meaningful injury criterion through the use of the actual field accident data. Twenty-four head-to-head field collisions that occurred in professional football games were duplicated using a validated finite element human head model. The injury predictors and injury levels were analyzed based on resulting brain tissue responses and were correlated with the site and occurrence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). Predictions indicated that the shear stress around the brainstem region could be an injury predictor for concussion. Statistical analyses were performed to establish the new brain injury tolerance level.

Recent Advances in Brain Injury Research: A New Human Head Model Development and Validation

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Zhang ◽  
King H. Yang ◽  
Ramesh Dwarampudi ◽  
Kiyoshi Omori ◽  
Tieliang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Human Head Model ◽  
Injury Research ◽  
Development And Validation

scholarly journals A Biomechanical Evaluation of a Novel Airbag Bicycle Helmet Concept for Traumatic Brain Injury Mitigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Kwong Ming Tse ◽  
Daniel Holder
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Bicycle Helmet ◽  
Impact Simulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Helmet Design

In this study, a novel expandable bicycle helmet, which integrates an airbag system into the conventional helmet design, was proposed to explore the potential synergetic effect of an expandable airbag and a standard commuter-type EPS helmet. The traumatic brain injury mitigation performance of the proposed expandable helmet was evaluated against that of a typical traditional bicycle helmet. A series of dynamic impact simulations on both a helmeted headform and a representative human head with different configurations were carried out in accordance with the widely recognised international bicycle helmet test standards. The impact simulations were initially performed on a ballast headform for validation and benchmarking purposes, while the subsequent ones on a biofidelic human head model were used for assessing any potential intracranial injury. It was found that the proposed expandable helmet performed admirably better when compared to a conventional helmet design—showing improvements in impact energy attenuation, as well as kinematic and biometric injury risk reduction. More importantly, this expandable helmet concept, integrating the airbag system in the conventional design, offers adequate protection to the cyclist in the unlikely case of airbag deployment failure.

Computational Modeling of Blunt Impact to Head and Correlation of Biomechanical Measures With Medical Images

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Gary Tan ◽  
Maria M. D’Souza ◽  
Subhash Khushu ◽  
Raj K. Gupta ◽  
Virginia G. DeGiorgi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Medical Images ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Human Head Model

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a very common injury to service members in recent conflicts. Computational models can offer insights in understanding the underlying mechanism of brain injury, which can aid in the development of effective personal protective equipment. This paper attempts to correlate simulation results with clinical data from advanced techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), MR spectroscopy and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI), to identify TBI related subtle alterations in brain morphology, function and metabolism. High-resolution image data were obtained from the MRI scan of a young adult male, from a concussive head injury caused by a road traffic accident. The falling accident of human was modeled by combing high-resolution human head model with an articulated human body model. This mixed, multi-fidelity computational modeling approach can efficiently investigate such accident-related TBI. A high-fidelity computational head model was used to accurately reproduce the complex structures of the head. For most soft materials, the hyper-viscoelastic model was used to captures the strain rate dependence and finite strain nonlinearity. Stiffer materials, such as bony structure were simulated using an elasto-plastic material model to capture the permanent deformation. We used the enhanced linear tetrahedral elements to remove the parasitic locking problem in modeling such incompressible biological tissues. The bio-fidelity of human head model was validated from human cadaver tests. The accidental fall was reconstructed using such multi-fidelity models. The localized large deformation in the head was simulated and compared with the MRI images. The shear stress and shear strain were used to correlate with the post-accident medical images with respect to the injury location and severity in the brain. The correspondence between model results and MRI findings further validates the human head models and enhances our understanding of the mechanism, extent and impact of TBI.

scholarly journals Unilateral traumatic hemorrhage of the basal ganglion and bihemisferic cerebral infarction

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-393
Author(s):  
Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar ◽  
Willem Guillermo Calderon-Miranda ◽  
Andres M. Rubiano ◽  
Amit Agrawal ◽  
Guru Dutta Satyarthee
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cerebral Infarction ◽  
Basal Ganglion ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Epidural Hemorrhage ◽  
Traumatic Hemorrhage

Abstract Among the various injuries caused by the cerebral tramatic lesion are traumatic brain contusions. Hemorrhagic contusions of the basal ganglia are unusual. Different injuries such as cranial fractures, epidural hemorrhage, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage among others may be associated with brain contusions. In some cases traumatic brain injury arises. We present a case of a patient with unilateral cerebral contusion associated with bihemispheric cerebral infarction.

Simulation of Blast Induced Traumatic Brain Injury using Finite Element Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Krishnaveni ◽  
D. Dominic Xavier ◽  
R. Sarathkumar ◽  
G. Kavitha ◽  
M. Senbagan
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Human Head ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Stress Concentrations ◽  
The Brain

Because of increase in threat from militant groups and during war exposure to blast wave from improvised explosive devices, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), a signature injury is on rise worldwide. During blast, the biological system is exposed to a sudden blast over pressure which is several times higher than the ambient pressure causing the damage in the brain. The severity of TBI due to air blast may vary from brief change in mental status or consciousness (termed as mild) to extended period of unconsciousness or memory loss after injuries (termed as severe). The blast wave induced impact on head propagates as shock wave with the broad spectrum of frequencies and stress concentrations in the brain. The primary blast TBI is directly induced by pressure differentials across the skull/fluid/soft tissue interfaces and is further reinforced by the reflected stress waves within the cranial cavity, leading to stress concentrations in certain regions of the brain. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the behaviour of a human brain model subjected to blast wave based on finite element model using LSDYNA code. The parts of a typical human head such as skull, scalp, CSF, brain are modelled using finite element with properties assumed based on available literature. The model is subjected to blast from frontal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe of the brain. The interaction of the blast wave with the head and subsequent transformation of various forms of shock energy internally have been demonstrated in the human head model. The brain internal pressure levels and the shear stress distribution in the various lobes of the brain such as frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital are determined and presented.

210 Post-Traumatic Seizure in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes in 124,444 Patients

Neurosurgery ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (CN_suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Kavelin Rumalla ◽  
Megan Lilley ◽  
Mrudula Gandham ◽  
Rachana Kombathula ◽  
Usiakimi Igbaseimokumo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Subdural Hematoma ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
Cerebral Contusion ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
Incidence Risk ◽  
Post Traumatic

Abstract INTRODUCTION Post traumatic seizures (PTS) are the most common complication following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The nationwide incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with PTS in pediatric TBI are not well understood. METHODS We queried the Kids Inpatient Database (2003, 2006, 2009, 2012) using ICD-9-CM codes to identify all patients (age <21) that had a primary diagnosis of TBI (850.xx 854.xx) and a secondary diagnosis of a PTS (780.33, 780.39). Severity of TBI was determined by level of consciousness and nature of the injury (open/closed). Variables included demographics, comorbidity, hospital type, and TBI type. level of consciousness (LOC), open/closed wound, and surgical management. Risk factors for PTS were identified in univariate and multivariable analysis (alpha set at <0.05). RESULTS >The rate of PTS was 6.9% among 124,444 patients hospitalized for TBI. The rate was impacted by LOC: no LOC (6.3%), brief LOC (7.5%), moderate LOC (10.6%), prolonged LOC w/baseline return (13.9%), or prolonged LOC w/no return (6.4%). The rate also varied by type of TBI: subdural hematoma (12.0%), cerebral laceration (7.4%), subarachnoid hemorrhage (6.5%), concussion (6.0%), and epidural hematoma (4.0%). In multivariable analysis, risk factors for PTS included age 0–5 (compared to 6–10, 11–15, 16–20), African American race, 2 + pre-existing comorbidities, cerebral contusion/laceration, subdural hematoma, closed wound, brief LOC, moderate LOC, and prolonged LOC w/baseline return (all P < 0.05). Surgically managed patients were more likely to suffer PTS (10.7% vs. 6.5%, P < 0.0001) unless treated within 24 hours of admission (6.7% vs. 9.6%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION PTS is common in children with TBI and is impacted by age, comorbidity, race, and severity/type of injury. Patients with mild to moderate TBI are at the highest risk and prompt surgery is associated with decreased risk of PTS.

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