scholarly journals Ewolucja analitycznej teorii prawa a bezpośrednie stosowanie konstytucji

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-134
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bator

The paper analyses the sources of diversity in opinions about the acceptability of direct application of constitution by courts in the so-called confrontational version (a judicial review: the refusal of application of the parliamentary act which is incoherent with a constitution). I claim that such differences result from diverging assumptions accepted within analytic jurisprudence. More precisely speaking, the above differences stem from the three alternative approaches within analytic legal theory: a traditional, a modern, and a postmodern (postanalytic) one. Polish legal thought is dominated by the modern approach, what influence also a debate on the direct applicability of constitution. The modern approach hardly accepts a situation in which a legal professional (a judge) needs to face new social and political challenges. The more adequate in this respect seems to be the postanalytic approach. Thus, arguments which refuse the judge’s right to directly and autonomously apply the constitution against the parliamentary law (which are put forth by some representatives of both legal doctrine and judiciary), are based mainly upon the modern version of the analytic legal theory. Alternatively, the postanalytic perspective offers theoretical foundations for the acceptability of direct and autonomous judicial application of the constitution. As for the traditional version of analytic theory, it possesses some explanatory force towards Polish political practice of the day. Since it supports claims which question any form of judicial activism. This approach seems to undermine any reasons for the existence of independent constitutional judiciary, the direct application of constitution byordinary courts included.

Author(s):  
Anne C. Dailey

This chapter describes the contribution contemporary psychoanalysis has to make in three specific areas: legal theory, legal doctrine, and adjudication in the courtroom. Psychoanalysis improves the law’s theoretical foundations by modifying its foundational presumption of rationality. Psychoanalysis also helps to reform legal doctrine by identifying those particular subject matter areas, primarily family law and criminal law, where the law’s presumption of rationality leads to unjust legal rules. With domestic violence as its example, this chapter shows how psychoanalysis offers a body of practical knowledge that humanizes the law by bringing legal rules into line with actual, everyday lived experience. And finally, psychoanalysis reveals the deep tension between the law’s focus on individual moral responsibility for behavior and the law’s objective methods of proof in the courtroom. Psychoanalytic insights into the art of proving what really happened in a case can move law in the direction of a more empathic and forgiving model of judging. Overall, the psychoanalytic study of the law unveils the damaging consequences of the law’s rationalist assumptions about who we are as human beings, and offers an alternative, humanistic perspective in line with law’s foundational ideals of individual freedom and systemic justice.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Böhle

The book examines the legal relationships in international loan syndicates based on the model contracts developed by the Loan Market Association (LMA). German law qualifies loan syndicates as partnerships. This qualification is questioned as it conforms neither to the expectations nor to the needs of the parties involved. With a constant comparative law approach (primarily England and France), the work brings together legal doctrine, legal theory and economics in order to develop practical solutions with regard to syndicate voting and duties of information in an LMA loan syndicate as well as the interpretation and judicial review of an LMA syndicate agreement.


Author(s):  
Douglas E. Edlin

“JUDICIAL REVIEW”[1] SEM UMA CONSTITUIÇÃO ESCRITA* JUDICIAL REVIEW WITHOUT A CONSTITUTION Douglas E. Edlin**RESUMO: Nos Estados Unidos, o “judicial review” é entendido, desde Marbury v. Madison (1803), como a avaliação judicial de atos governamentais para assegurar a compatibilidade com a Constituição. Mas antes e depois do caso Marbury, cortes estaduais e federais desenvolveram e praticaram uma espécie de “judicial review” no qual os princípios do “Common Law”, conjuntamente ou ao invés de um cânon documental, onde se utiliza o corpo fundamental da doutrina jurídica para avaliar as ações públicas. Este artigo corrige alguns erros de concepção pelos quais a forma de “judicial review” utilizada no caso Marbury [controle de constitucionalidade] seria a única forma de “judicial review” que existiu ou possa existir neste país. Mais particularmente, o artigo esclarece uma falha de certos escritores em distinguir corretamente o “Common Law” e o direito natural como áreas da teoria e da doutrina do direito. Ao corrigir alguns destes erros históricos e teóricos, o artigo delineia uma compreensão do “judicial review” que descreve mais ampla e corretamente o seu desenvolvimento durante o período formativo do pensamento constitucional norte-americano. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Judicial Review. Common Law. Direito Natural. Marbury. Constituição. ABSTRACT: In the United States, judicial review is understood, since Marbury v. Madison (1803), as judicial evaluation of government action to ensure compliance with the Constitution. But before and after Marbury, state and federal courts developed and practiced a form of judicial review in which common law principles, along with or instead of a canonical document, were the foundational body of legal doctrine against which public actions were assessed. This article carefully examines the cases in which this alternative form of judicial review emerged, and corrects certain misconceptions that Marbury must be the only form of judicial review that has existed or can exist in this country. More particularly, the article clarifies a failure by certain writers to distinguish properly between common law and natural law as matters of legal theory and legal doctrine. In correcting some of these theoretical and historical errors, the article outlines an understanding of judicial review that more fully captures its development during the formative period of American constitutional thought. KEYWORDS: Judicial Review. Common Law. Natural Law. Marbury. Constitution. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1. Os Precedentes das Cortes Estaduais. 2. Os Casos da Suprema Corte. 2.1 O Caso Calder v. Bull. 2.2. O Caso Chisholm v. Geórgia. 2.3. O Caso Fletcher v. Peck. Conclusão. Referências.[1] N. do T. A expressão “judicial review” é normalmente traduzida por controle de constitucionalidade, mas neste artigo o autor analisa o controle de atos legislativos com base em parâmetros que não coincidem, necessariamente, com a Constituição escrita, de modo que preferimos manter o termo no original.* O tradutor para a língua portuguesa, Romulo Ponticelli Giorgi Júnior, é mestre e doutorando em Direito Constitucional pela UFRGS, Procurador da Fazenda Nacional e Professor de Direito Constitucional na Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. Foi Procurador do Município de Porto Alegre, Procurador do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Advogado da União.** Professor Assistente do Departamento de Ciência Política da Faculdade Dickinson. O autor agradece a Ken Kersch, a Dick Morgan, a Jim Murphy e a Sylvia Snowiss, assim como aos revisores anônimos que providenciaram várias sugestões muito úteis, por ter lido as versões prévias deste artigo e por terem corrigido erros nas idéias e na expressão destas. O autor assume a responsabilidade pelos erros que permaneceram.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Anthony Carty

Abstract Customary international law as a source of general law is given a primary place in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. However, it is historically a concept created by legal doctrine. The very idea of custom supposes legal persons are natural persons living in a dynamic, evolving community. This was the assumption of the historical school of law in the 19th century when the concept of custom was developed. Now the dominant notion of legal personality is the State as an impersonal corporation and international legal theory (Brierly and D’Amato) can see well that the death of the historical school of law has to mean the death of the concept of custom. What should replace it? Two steps need to be taken in sequence. Firstly, following the Swedish realist philosopher Haegerstrom, we have to ascertain the precise constellations of the conflictual attitudes the populations of States have to the patterns of normativity which they project onto international society. Secondly, we should follow the virtue ethics jurisprudence of Paul Ricoeur and others, who develop a theory of critical legal doctrinal judgement, along the classical lines of Aristotle and Confucius, to challenge and sort out the prejudices of peoples into some reasonable shape, whereby these can be encouraged to understand and respect one another. Then one will not have to endure so many silly interpretations of international law such as the one declaring that there are only rocks in the South China Sea and not islands. Such interpretations have nothing to do with the supposedly ordinary legal language analysis of a convention and the State practice surrounding it. They have to do entirely with a continued lack of respect by Western jurists for non-Western societies and nations.


2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 376-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xenia Chiaramonte

The relationship between social movements and the legal field is controversial and complex. This paper begins by recognizing that the concept of social movement does not belong to legal doctrine and then synthetically reconstruct the relevance of it for a legal understanding. In fact, even if this concept is not formally taken into account by constitutions or by legal codes, a socio-legal approach underscores the need for the comprehension and inclusion of collective phenomena into legal theory. First, the paper explores the way in which ‘social movement’ has been taken up and translated in the legal field through the concept of social change and constitutional change. Second, this research goes through various cases in which social movements use law strategically, from the phenomenon of cause lawyering to the litigation strategy. Finally, it stands for a theoretical understanding of the role of social movements in legal theory as a lively expression of ‘becoming-constituent’.


Author(s):  
Jessica W. Berg ◽  
Paul S. Appelbaum ◽  
Charles W. Lidz ◽  
Lisa S. Parker

This chapter deals with the legal theory and procedural framework under which patients can obtain redress for their injuries resulting from treatment administered in the absence of informed consent. The evolution of the legal doctrine was driven by the demands of patients for redress for injuries, and more attention has been given by courts and legislatures to the questions of when and how compensation might be obtained than to providing guidance for clinicians. In some important respects, the distinction between the law as it applies to the physician engaged in medical decision making with a patient and the law as it applies to that same patient who later seeks compensation in the courts is an artificial one. Insofar as the spirit of informed consent is not embraced voluntarily by the medical profession, but is adhered to in large part to avoid the likely consequences of failure to observe the legal rules, physician behavior will be shaped not only by the rules themselves but also by the way they are enforced. If, for example, the rules governing the means of redress were complex, time-consuming, and unlikely to yield the desired compensation, few injured patients would pursue a judicial remedy. As a result, physicians would eventually realize that adverse consequences were unlikely to follow from a failure to observe the relevant rules and, except to the extent that they had accepted the ethical theory of informed consent, their adherence to the doctrine would crumble. Some critics of the present system contend that this has already happened (see Chapter 7). On the other hand, rules that make recovery easier and more certain would be likely to encourage compliance with the requirements for informed consent. Differential emphasis by the courts on particular kinds of lapses by clinicians might also shape their actions accordingly. For example, the courts’ focus on risk information has led many physicians to tailor disclosure to emphasize risks. Thus, the issues addressed in this chapter, although framed in legal terminology, are important (some would argue crucial) determinants of the ultimate impact of informed consent.


2021 ◽  
pp. 44-46
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Sun

This chapter focuses on administrative procedure and judicial review in China. Despite its willingness to adapt to the rules of the global market, China does not accept the direct applicability of international standards in administrative litigation. Judicial review of administration is based on a set of legislative texts and judicial interpretations by the Supreme People's Court. Among these texts, the Administrative Litigation Law regulates the judicial review of administrative acts. There are two lists in its chapter concerning the scope of judicial review: one includes the administrative acts that are open to judicial review, another the acts that are not reviewable. In any case, it is up to the courts to examine the following two combinations of criteria: the degree of the seriousness of the infringement with the definition of the state interest and that of the public interest; and the degree of procedural breach with the definition of the real impact on the rights of the plaintiff. According to Article 76 of the ALL, in the case of annulment and/or declaration of unlawfulness of an administrative act, a court may order the administration to take measures to compensate the damage inflicted on the plaintiff.


1990 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-90
Author(s):  
David M. Adams

Contemporary legal theory is increasingly marked by the clash between two opposing, basic approaches to law and legal doctrine. The first approach is skeptical: it seeks both to expose the conceptual and normative commitments of tort or contract or constitutional law, and to impeach them on the grounds that they comprise what are in fact incoherent and morally insupportable ideologies. By contrast, the second approach is explicitly apologetic: it aims to celebrate law by offering a reconstruction and justification of the basic features of constitutional or statutory or common law practice. The first approach is of course represented by the “deconstructionism” imported into law from literary and social theory by those scholars associated with the Critical Legal Studies (“CLS”) movement. At its most controversial, the work of these recent legal skeptics seeks to link traditional legal doctrine, and the modes of analysis and pedagogic methods peculiar to it, with a radical critique of political liberalism by showing that the doctrine and its methods serve to legitimate existing social inequalities, hierarchies, and forms of domination, while at the same time obscuring their own legitimating role. One important corollary of this general thesis is the emphasis upon what Roberto Unger has called “the contradictory and manipulable character of legal doctrine”, i.e., the effort, inspired by the familiar deconstructionist premise that texts lack any fixed or stable and coherently formulable meaning, to “deconstruct” the basic categories of (liberal) legal discourse with the aim of exposing tensions and inconsistencies inherent within them, and of depicting the responsiveness of this “patchwork quilt” to background social, political, and economic forces.


2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (12) ◽  
pp. 2332-2388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer J. Kent ◽  
E. Paxon Frady ◽  
Friedrich T. Sommer ◽  
Bruno A. Olshausen

We develop theoretical foundations of resonator networks, a new type of recurrent neural network introduced in Frady, Kent, Olshausen, and Sommer ( 2020 ), a companion article in this issue, to solve a high-dimensional vector factorization problem arising in Vector Symbolic Architectures. Given a composite vector formed by the Hadamard product between a discrete set of high-dimensional vectors, a resonator network can efficiently decompose the composite into these factors. We compare the performance of resonator networks against optimization-based methods, including Alternating Least Squares and several gradient-based algorithms, showing that resonator networks are superior in several important ways. This advantage is achieved by leveraging a combination of nonlinear dynamics and searching in superposition, by which estimates of the correct solution are formed from a weighted superposition of all possible solutions. While the alternative methods also search in superposition, the dynamics of resonator networks allow them to strike a more effective balance between exploring the solution space and exploiting local information to drive the network toward probable solutions. Resonator networks are not guaranteed to converge, but within a particular regime they almost always do. In exchange for relaxing the guarantee of global convergence, resonator networks are dramatically more effective at finding factorizations than all alternative approaches considered.


Author(s):  
W. D. Elston ◽  
B. A. Bell

A major industrial complex with in-plant power generation required a large incremental expansion of steam and power production. Alternative approaches to achieve this expansion are reviewed and the gas turbine-heat recovery boiler cycle selected is described. The primary objective of this paper is to demonstrate the excellent results that can be achieved through integration of gas turbines with conventional industrial power equipment.


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