scholarly journals Zarys historii idei elitaryzmu. Od Platona do Czesława Znamierowskiego

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-54
Author(s):  
Marek Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Closed Circle ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The subject of this paper is political elitism (or the existence of political elites) and the shaping of that concept from the ancient times to the 20th century, on the example of the views of its main creators from Plato, through Claude Henri de Saint-Simon, Georges Sorel, or Max Weber to Czesław Znamierowski. Particular focus has been put on the ideas developed at the turn of the 19th century, including those of Robert Michels, Gaetano Mosca and Vilfredo Pareto, which the author considers to be the fullest and most original. All those ideas have been based on the presumption that the existence of elites is an obvious and indispensible fact since people are different and the natural inequality among them must be maintained to comply with intellectual, moral, or religious premises. Although, practically, all concepts of elitism have been critical of the Marxist theory or any other form of socialist ideology, most theorists hold an opinion that political elites should not isolate themselves in a closed circle, but allow at least some representatives of the other parts of society to join in. Only such ‘circulation’, they claim, can ensure durability of the elites and their survival. Some more recent concepts of political elites go further and propose that interests and aspirations of social masses be taken into account as broadly as possible. This view is a consequence of a conviction that elitism understood as a manner in which political structures function has disappeared and we are currently dealing with an objective process where different types of elites are emerging to create ‘lesser elites’, which – as the process of democratisation of public life continues – results in a gradual departure from the idea of government composed of excellent minds and personalities.

scholarly journals Juridische Soziologien

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris Schweitzer
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Emile Durkheim ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Social Phenomenon ◽  
Problematic Relationship ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Why did the subject of law play a central role in sociology as it emerged? And why is this no longer the case today? This study explains this transformation of the sociological interest in law by means of a genealogical investigation into the mutual references between the jurisprudence of private law and sociology: the way in which, from a legal perspective starting in the 19th century, law has been addressed as a social phenomenon in the face of concrete problems is reflected in the early sociologies of Émile Durkheim, Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. This has led to a mutual demarcation, which places law and sociology in a problematic relationship to each other for the future.

An Outsider's View: Alexis de Tocqueville on Aristocratic Society and Politics in 19th Century England

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Spring
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Alexis De Tocqueville ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
First Impression ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Special Quality ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

This brief account of Tocqueville's ideas on aristocratic society and government in England is intended to serve as a sort of introduction to the longer papers that follow in this symposium. For some years the subject of English aristocratic power in the 19th century—especially in connection with the First and Second Reform Acts—has been much discussed. The discussion has dwelt on such questions as whether the aristocracy grew or declined in power, whether the Reform Acts made for a growth or loss of power, whether aristocratic leadership knew precisely what it was doing, and so on. So far this discussion has been carried on, so to speak, exclusively from the inside: that is, in terms of contemporary English events and ideas. In Tocqueville, who was both an Anglophile and an informed and penetrating observer of England from the 1830s until his death in 1859, we have a distinguished outsider. His ideas are always interesting for their own sake. For this symposium they have the added merit of touching on some of its central themes. On occasion, his ideas may strike the reader as exaggerated, ambiguous, even inconsistent, certainly without system. But they are usually suggestive, and merit the historian's serious attention.Tocqueville's first impression of the English aristocracy was one of great power—a power rooted in its monopoly of landowner ship. As he saw it, the contrast between the French landowning aristocracy and the English was that between an aristocracy, on the one hand, that was land poor, and an aristocracy, on the other hand, that was richly endowed in land. Tocqueville also saw that if landed property did not always lead to economic power—since agriculture did not pay that well—it had a special quality, as compared to other forms of wealth, which was bound to lead to political power.

scholarly journals The Rock-Carved Tumulus of Nikon in Tisna

2021 ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Özden Ürkmez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Unique Feature ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Construction Technique ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Tisna, one of the lesser-known ancient cities of the Aeolis region, has been studied in detail since 2018. The first studies carried out in the region since the end of the 19th century localized the region in the Kocakale Tepe - Sarıkale Tepe - Mantar Tepe triangle as Tisna. It is understood that the center of the city is Sarıkale Tepe. The name Tisna first appears on the coins of the 4th century BC in the region. From the Roman era, the city is called Titanus. One of the most important features of the city is that it is surrounded by necropoleis. There are different types of tombs in the necropoleis, especially located on the southern and western slopes. One of these tomb types is the Tumuli. However, as a result of our investigation, it was understood that these tumuli had a different structure from the classic tumuli. We named this type of tomb, in which a rock tomb is covered with a masonry hill, the Rock-Carved Tumulus. The subject of this article is Nikon's rock-carved tumulus, which is understood to be one of such tombs in the region. Our evaluations on the tomb, which has a unique feature in terms of construction technique, indicate that it must belong to the Late Classical period, perhaps to the early 4th century.

The Coeducation of Physical Education in Greece: From the Ancient Times Until the Modern Times

2021 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kantzidou ◽  
Lawrence Judge
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Title Ix ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The majority of physical education (PE) classes in the United States became coeducational after Title IX was enacted in 1972. However, the process of considering the e#ects of coeducational PE did not begin there. !e purpose of this study was to present in as much detail as possible, through a thorough literature review, the presence and development of coeducation in the subject of PE in Greece over the years. !is historical review shows the views of the two founders of ancient Greek education, Plato and Aristotle, according to whom education was necessary for both boys and girls. !is study also references the infuences of the European Enlightenment, where the education of both sexes was considered necessary. During the 19th century, specifcally in 1828, the institution of coeducation of the two sexes took the first timid steps toward an educational evolution, which is directly related to social, cultural, and moral issues. Laws played a catalytic role in the issue of mixed education of boys and girls, even under adverse conditions, to reach 1985, where Law 1566 was passed, the last to assess Greek coeducational PE. Subscribe to TPE

Administering science: the paper form of scientific practice and geological fieldwork

2014 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-293
Author(s):  
Marianne Klemun
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Practice ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
The Other ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Paper Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Different Levels

Drawing on the fieldwork undertaken on behalf of the Austrian Geological Survey in the 19th century, I should like to analyse those practices that may be understood as ‘administration procedures’. Using a variety of selected handwritten materials that were produced during fieldwork in the context of the geological mapping project (1848-1867) of the Habsburg Monarchy, commissioned by the Royal Imperial Geological Survey in Vienna, I should like to examine the route from subjective observation to written documentation, the conceptualization of experience and the strategies of writing, and also the procedures for standardization. Through this perspective, fieldwork becomes a procedure that is materialized on paper. Every piece of fieldwork involves, in principle, countless administrative acts and procedures. These are preceded by the instructions which, in functional terms, occur at two different levels. One level provides a methodology for the acquisition of knowledge; the other level concerns the bureaucracy, or the organizational framework, within which the fieldwork takes place. On the one hand the investigator is seeking to optimize the acquisition of knowledge, whilst on the other hand the checking of both the subject and the object of the investigation is a concomitant feature of both levels.

Diversionary conflict: Demonizing enemies or demonstrating competence?

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Haynes
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Conventional Wisdom ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Diversionary War ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

How do embattled leaders hope to secure their hold on power by initiating conflict abroad? The literature on diversionary war has emphasized two distinct mechanisms by which leaders stand to gain from conflict — the “rally around the flag” and “gambling for resurrection” theories. But despite a massive literature on the subject, these competing theories of diversionary incentives have never been subjected to comparative empirical evaluation. This article seeks to fill this gap. I argue that the rally and gambling theories predict diversionary conflicts to target different types of states. Diversionary conflicts driven by a rally logic will target traditional enemies and out-groups, including rivals, neighbors, and geopolitically incompatible states. Gambling for resurrection, on the other hand, pushes leaders to target powerful states in order to demonstrate competence to their constituents. Challenging the conventional wisdom, I find little evidence to support the rally mechanism. The results offer substantial support for the gambling for resurrection theory, indicating that diversionary conflict may be primarily driven by unpopular leaders attempting to prove their competence domestically.

scholarly journals Egy tizenkét darabos PAZL Varjú Elemér hagyatékából

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-278
Author(s):  
Klára Kisdi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Group ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Rare Book ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Binding Material ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author, a member of the HAS‒NSZL Res Libraria Hungariae Research Group, while working on the database of codex fragments, which is being prepared for the Manuscripts Collection of the National Széchényi Library, became aware of a dozen parchment leaves of different ages, content and size. These all had been marked with a mysterious inscription: “PAZL 1671”, an abbreviation for Placidus Abt zu Lambach, Placidus Hieber, Abbot of Lambach (1640‒1678). The library of the Benedictine Abbey in Lambach was enriched with books and manuscripts over the centuries. However, by the 20th century, the troubled historical circumstances and the financial difficulties of the Abbey had made it necessary for them to sell the majority of their books. A significant amount of these was acquired by the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library of Yale University, where they came to be studied by Robert G. Babcock and Lisa Fagin Davis and became the subject of two monographs. A dozen Lambach fragments were brought to Budapest at the end of the 19th century as items in Elemér Varjú’s 114-pieces large palaeographical collection. He had probably found the manuscripts in the Batthyaneum Library in Gyulafehérvár (today: Alba Iulia, Romania). Most codex leaves were used as binding material for the books of Abbot Placidus’ library probably in Lambach in the 17th century. This is proven by two fragments, which originate from the same codices as some pieces in the NSZL, and whose host books, in the binding of whichthey have been preserved, are known. One of them is preserved in Toronto, the other at Yale University. Both were printed in Munich in the 17th century. The second half of the paper consists of the description of the twelve manuscript fragments, most of which originate from liturgical books from a monastic milieu. Nevertheless, some folia from theological works and classical authors make the collection more varied.

10. Duress

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet O’Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Subject

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. This chapter examines contracts induced by duress, which is a vitiating factor. It explains that duress involves one party coercing or pressuring the other party into making a contract and its most important feature is that it generally involves pressure applied by means of an illegitimate threat. It discusses the different types of duress—duress to the person, duress of goods, and focusing in more detail on economic duress and its various requirements. It explores the controversial question of whether relief should be extended to cases of lawful act duress such as threats not to contract.

Different types of rupture of the tumor capsule and the impact on survival in early ovarian carcinoma

1994 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SjÖVall ◽  
B. Nilsson ◽  
N. Einhorn
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Carcinoma ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tumor Capsule ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Impact On Survival ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intraoperative Rupture ◽  
The Impact

The significance of tumor spill in the early stages of ovarian carcinoma has been the subject of controversy. Since rupture of the capsule of the tumor may occur in several different ways, we analyzed all cases of early ovarian cancer treated at Radiumhemmet, Stockholm, Sweden, during the period 1974–1986, in which possible spill of tumor cells was catalogued in different groups. In 247 out of 394 patients (62%) the risk of spill had to be considered. There was no difference in survival between patients whose tumors had intact capsules and patients in whom rupture occurred during surgery—78% and 85%, respectively. On the other hand, a significant difference in survival was found between patients in whom rupture occurred before surgery and those with intraoperative rupture—59% and 85%, respectively. The conclusion can be drawn that manipulation during surgery which results in puncture or rupture does not have a negative influence on the outcome for the patients.

THE ENDURING LEGACY OF THE SECOND SAUDI STATE: QUIETIST AND RADICAL WAHHABI CONTESTATIONS OFAL-WALĀʾ WA-L-BARĀʾ

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joas Wagemakers
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThe concept ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ (loyalty to Islam, Muslims, and God and disavowal of everything else) has developed in various ways in Wahhabi discourse since the 19th century. This can partly be ascribed to the civil war that caused the collapse of the second Saudi state (1824–91) and the lessons that both quietist and radical Wahhabi scholars have drawn from that episode. In this article, I contend that Wahhabi contestations ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ can be divided into two distinct trends—one social and the other political—and that both show the enduring legacy of the second Saudi state, which can still be discerned in Wahhabi scholarly writings on the subject ofal-walāʾwa-l-barāʾ today.

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